Modelling of icing - Revision history

Novia at 11:54, 15 February 2022

2022-02-15T11:54:46Z

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	Multiple ice accretion models have been presented in literature, which take a stand for accretion of different ice types rime, glaze, hoar frost, wet snow and sea spray icing or the impact on different engineered structures such as power network lines, wind turbines and tall structures etc.		Multiple ice accretion models have been presented in literature, which take a stand for accretion of different ice types rime, glaze, hoar frost, wet snow and sea spray icing or the impact on different engineered structures such as power network lines, wind turbines and tall structures etc.
			[[File:Icing Research Tunnel .jpg\|thumb\|442x442px\|Testing in an Icing Research Tunnel 1983. Cold water is sprayed into the tunnel and freezes on the test model. <ref>Nasa. Wikimedia commons. 1983. Public domain. Icing Research Tunnel - GPN-2000-001836.jpg </ref>]]


	'''Prediction models'''		'''Prediction models'''

	There have been models created to predict icing on different structures, and for different icing phenomena. For example, icing of power lines has been modelled by several studies, as they are vulnerable to ice, easily breaking under the added weight.		There have been models created to predict icing on different structures, and for different icing phenomena. For example, icing of power lines has been modelled by several studies, as they are vulnerable to ice, easily breaking under the added weight.

	Another very common icing modelling field is wind turbines and especially their blades. Ice modelling for wind turbines has been focused on the shape of the accreted ice because the ice changes the aerodynamics of the blade.		Another very common icing modelling field is wind turbines and especially their blades. Ice modelling for wind turbines has been focused on the shape of the accreted ice because the ice changes the aerodynamics of the blade.

Novia at 11:31, 15 February 2022

2022-02-15T11:31:52Z

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			[[File:Icing on a rotor.jpg\|thumb\|442x442px\|Image shows one possible type of ice accretion that can be produced in the NASA Icing Research Tunnel. <ref>NASA. wikimedia commons. 2008. Public domain. Icing on a rotor.jpg.</ref>]]
	Icing is hard to model, and many of the models are very situational.		Icing is hard to model, and many of the models are very situational.

Novia at 08:53, 11 February 2022

2022-02-11T08:53:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, 11 February 2022
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	<ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions</ref> <ref>Thorsson, P. et al. (2015) Modelling atmospheric icing: A comparison between icing calculated with measured meteorological data and NWP data. Cold regions science and technology. [Online] 119124–131.</ref> <ref>Makkonen, L. (2000). Models for the growth of rime, glaze, icicles and wet snow on structures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 358(1776), 2913–2939.</ref> <ref>Molinder, J. et al. (2018) Probabilistic forecasting of wind power production losses in cold climates: a case study. Wind energy science. [Online] 3 (2), 667– 680.</ref> <ref>Tabatabaei, G. (2019). Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Modeling in Icing Condition: Three-Dimensional RANS-CFD Versus Blade Element Momentum Method. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 141(7).</ref> <ref>Makkonen, L. (2001). Modelling and prevention of ice accretion on wind turbines. Wind Engineering, 25(1), 3–21.</ref> <ref>Ansys FENSAP-ICE: Ice Accretion Simulation Software, Ansys, webpage, available (accessed 4.3.2021): <nowiki>https://www.ansys.com/products/fluids/ansysfensap-ice/fensap-ice-capabilities</nowiki></ref> <ref>S. M. Fikke, J. E. Kristjánsson, B. E. Kringlebotn Nygaard, Modern meteorology and atmospheric icing, Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks, IWAIS XI, Montreal, Canada, 2005, pp. 1–29.</ref> <ref>E. P. Lozowski & L. Makkonen, Fifty Years of Progress in Modelling the Accumulation of Atmospheric Ice on Power Network Equipment, IWAIS XI, Montréal, Canda, 2005.</ref> <ref>ISO-12494, Atmospheric icing of structures, 2001, 56 p.</ref> <ref>R. Blackmore & E. Lozowski, A theoretical spongy spray icing model with surficial structure, Atmospheric Research, vol. 49, no. 4, 1998, pp. 267–288.</ref> <ref>L. Makkonen, P. Lehtonen, M. Hirviniemi, Determining ice loads for tower structure design, Engineering Structures, vol. 74, 2014 pp. 229–232,.</ref> <ref>L. Makkonen & M. M. Oleskiw, Small-scale experiments on rime icing, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol. 25, no. 3, 1997, pp. 173–182.</ref>		<ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions</ref> <ref>Thorsson, P. et al. (2015) Modelling atmospheric icing: A comparison between icing calculated with measured meteorological data and NWP data. Cold regions science and technology. [Online] 119124–131.</ref> <ref>Makkonen, L. (2000). Models for the growth of rime, glaze, icicles and wet snow on structures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 358(1776), 2913–2939.</ref> <ref>Molinder, J. et al. (2018) Probabilistic forecasting of wind power production losses in cold climates: a case study. Wind energy science. [Online] 3 (2), 667– 680.</ref> <ref>Tabatabaei, G. (2019). Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Modeling in Icing Condition: Three-Dimensional RANS-CFD Versus Blade Element Momentum Method. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 141(7).</ref> <ref>Makkonen, L. (2001). Modelling and prevention of ice accretion on wind turbines. Wind Engineering, 25(1), 3–21.</ref> <ref>Ansys FENSAP-ICE: Ice Accretion Simulation Software, Ansys, webpage, available (accessed 4.3.2021): <nowiki>https://www.ansys.com/products/fluids/ansysfensap-ice/fensap-ice-capabilities</nowiki></ref> <ref>S. M. Fikke, J. E. Kristjánsson, B. E. Kringlebotn Nygaard, Modern meteorology and atmospheric icing, Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks, IWAIS XI, Montreal, Canada, 2005, pp. 1–29.</ref> <ref>E. P. Lozowski & L. Makkonen, Fifty Years of Progress in Modelling the Accumulation of Atmospheric Ice on Power Network Equipment, IWAIS XI, Montréal, Canda, 2005.</ref> <ref>ISO-12494, Atmospheric icing of structures, 2001, 56 p.</ref> <ref>R. Blackmore & E. Lozowski, A theoretical spongy spray icing model with surficial structure, Atmospheric Research, vol. 49, no. 4, 1998, pp. 267–288.</ref> <ref>L. Makkonen, P. Lehtonen, M. Hirviniemi, Determining ice loads for tower structure design, Engineering Structures, vol. 74, 2014 pp. 229–232,.</ref> <ref>L. Makkonen & M. M. Oleskiw, Small-scale experiments on rime icing, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol. 25, no. 3, 1997, pp. 173–182.</ref>

			== References ==
			<references />

Novia at 10:46, 5 January 2022

2022-01-05T10:46:41Z

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	Most important meteorological parameters for modelling atmospheric icing are air temperature, wind speed and direction, and relative humidity. For precipitation icing, also precipitation rate and air temperature at the surface level matter. In-cloud specific parameters are liquid water content of the cloud and droplet size distribution.		Most important meteorological parameters for modelling atmospheric icing are air temperature, wind speed and direction, and relative humidity. For precipitation icing, also precipitation rate and air temperature at the surface level matter. In-cloud specific parameters are liquid water content of the cloud and droplet size distribution.


			'''Ice accretion models'''

			During the past decades there has been a great interest on modelling ice accretion on different manmade structures. These models have been used in the assessment of mechanical loads that accreted ice inflicts on the certain structure, which can be taken into account in the designing phase. Ice accretion models should describe how main parameters in the icing event have been taken into consideration. The main parameters in the icing event, that have influenced the accreted ice’s shape, density and rate of accretion, are LWC of rain, droplet size distribution, temperature, wind speed and direction and in addition relative humidity.


			Lozowski & Makkonen (2005) state that proper ice accretion model should include the following six factors:

			1. Consider how air flow goes around the icing obstacle.

			2. Impingement of supercooled droplets.

			3. Internal and external heat load which affect the sticking probability of the droplets.

			4. Behavior of unfreezed liquid on the surface after an impact.

			5. Ice properties; growth direction, shape, density, roughness and icicle formation.

			6. Response of the iced structure i.e. growth, twisting.

			Multiple ice accretion models have been presented in literature, which take a stand for accretion of different ice types rime, glaze, hoar frost, wet snow and sea spray icing or the impact on different engineered structures such as power network lines, wind turbines and tall structures etc.


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	'''[[Turbice model]]''' One commonly used model for wind turbine blades is the TURBICE model developed by Makkonen et al.		'''[[Turbice model]]''' One commonly used model for wind turbine blades is the TURBICE model developed by Makkonen et al.

	There is also a model for in-cloud icing by Makkonen, known simply as '''Makkonen’s model.'''		There is also a model for in-cloud icing by Makkonen, known simply as '''[[Makkonen´s model\|Makkonen’s model.]]'''

	Another icing model is the '''axial-growth model''' for horizontal unheated cylinder, developed by '''Lozowski et al.'''		Another icing model is the '''axial-growth model''' for horizontal unheated cylinder, developed by '''[[Lozowski model\|Lozowski et al.]]'''

	Another model for icing is '''Weather Research and Forecasting''', often abbreviated as the WRF model. It is a Numerical Weather Prediction model (NWP).		Another model for icing is '''Weather Research and Forecasting''', often abbreviated as the WRF model. It is a Numerical Weather Prediction model (NWP).

	Using an '''Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT),''' is ice accreted in a wind tunnel in a cold room. This method can be used to copy natural icing.		Using an '''[[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)]],''' is ice accreted in a wind tunnel in a cold room. This method can be used to copy natural icing.

	Icing '''modelling programs''' can also be used for simulating icing.		Icing '''[[modelling programs]]''' can also be used for simulating icing.

	Some empirical studies also use specific object to accrete ice on.		Some empirical studies also use specific object to accrete ice on.


	<ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions</ref> <ref>Thorsson, P. et al. (2015) Modelling atmospheric icing: A comparison between icing calculated with measured meteorological data and NWP data. Cold regions science and technology. [Online] 119124–131.</ref> <ref>Makkonen, L. (2000). Models for the growth of rime, glaze, icicles and wet snow on structures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 358(1776), 2913–2939.</ref> <ref>Molinder, J. et al. (2018) Probabilistic forecasting of wind power production losses in cold climates: a case study. Wind energy science. [Online] 3 (2), 667– 680.</ref> <ref>Tabatabaei, G. (2019). Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Modeling in Icing Condition: Three-Dimensional RANS-CFD Versus Blade Element Momentum Method. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 141(7).</ref> <ref>Makkonen, L. (2001). Modelling and prevention of ice accretion on wind turbines. Wind Engineering, 25(1), 3–21.</ref> <ref>Ansys FENSAP-ICE: Ice Accretion Simulation Software, Ansys, webpage, available (accessed 4.3.2021): <nowiki>https://www.ansys.com/products/fluids/ansysfensap-ice/fensap-ice-capabilities</nowiki></ref>		<ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions</ref> <ref>Thorsson, P. et al. (2015) Modelling atmospheric icing: A comparison between icing calculated with measured meteorological data and NWP data. Cold regions science and technology. [Online] 119124–131.</ref> <ref>Makkonen, L. (2000). Models for the growth of rime, glaze, icicles and wet snow on structures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 358(1776), 2913–2939.</ref> <ref>Molinder, J. et al. (2018) Probabilistic forecasting of wind power production losses in cold climates: a case study. Wind energy science. [Online] 3 (2), 667– 680.</ref> <ref>Tabatabaei, G. (2019). Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Modeling in Icing Condition: Three-Dimensional RANS-CFD Versus Blade Element Momentum Method. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 141(7).</ref> <ref>Makkonen, L. (2001). Modelling and prevention of ice accretion on wind turbines. Wind Engineering, 25(1), 3–21.</ref> <ref>Ansys FENSAP-ICE: Ice Accretion Simulation Software, Ansys, webpage, available (accessed 4.3.2021): <nowiki>https://www.ansys.com/products/fluids/ansysfensap-ice/fensap-ice-capabilities</nowiki></ref> <ref>S. M. Fikke, J. E. Kristjánsson, B. E. Kringlebotn Nygaard, Modern meteorology and atmospheric icing, Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks, IWAIS XI, Montreal, Canada, 2005, pp. 1–29.</ref> <ref>E. P. Lozowski & L. Makkonen, Fifty Years of Progress in Modelling the Accumulation of Atmospheric Ice on Power Network Equipment, IWAIS XI, Montréal, Canda, 2005.</ref> <ref>ISO-12494, Atmospheric icing of structures, 2001, 56 p.</ref> <ref>R. Blackmore & E. Lozowski, A theoretical spongy spray icing model with surficial structure, Atmospheric Research, vol. 49, no. 4, 1998, pp. 267–288.</ref> <ref>L. Makkonen, P. Lehtonen, M. Hirviniemi, Determining ice loads for tower structure design, Engineering Structures, vol. 74, 2014 pp. 229–232,.</ref> <ref>L. Makkonen & M. M. Oleskiw, Small-scale experiments on rime icing, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol. 25, no. 3, 1997, pp. 173–182.</ref>

Novia at 12:29, 21 December 2021

2021-12-21T12:29:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:29, 21 December 2021
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	'''Turbice model''' One commonly used model for wind turbine blades is the TURBICE model developed by Makkonen et al.		'''[[Turbice model]]''' One commonly used model for wind turbine blades is the TURBICE model developed by Makkonen et al.

	There is also a model for in-cloud icing by Makkonen, known simply as '''Makkonen’s model.'''		There is also a model for in-cloud icing by Makkonen, known simply as '''Makkonen’s model.'''

Novia: Created page with "Icing is hard to model, and many of the models are very situational. Most important meteorological parameters for modelling atmospheric icing are air temperature, wind speed..."

2021-12-21T11:11:02Z

Created page with "Icing is hard to model, and many of the models are very situational. Most important meteorological parameters for modelling atmospheric icing are air temperature, wind speed..."

New page

Icing is hard to model, and many of the models are very situational.

Most important meteorological parameters for modelling atmospheric icing are air temperature, wind speed and direction, and relative humidity. For precipitation icing, also precipitation rate and air temperature at the surface level matter. In-cloud specific parameters are liquid water content of the cloud and droplet size distribution.

'''Prediction models'''

There have been models created to predict icing on different structures, and for different icing phenomena. For example, icing of power lines has been modelled by several studies, as they are vulnerable to ice, easily breaking under the added weight.

Another very common icing modelling field is wind turbines and especially their blades. Ice modelling for wind turbines has been focused on the shape of the accreted ice because the ice changes the aerodynamics of the blade.

'''Turbice model''' One commonly used model for wind turbine blades is the TURBICE model developed by Makkonen et al.

There is also a model for in-cloud icing by Makkonen, known simply as '''Makkonen’s model.'''

Another icing model is the '''axial-growth model''' for horizontal unheated cylinder, developed by '''Lozowski et al.'''

Another model for icing is '''Weather Research and Forecasting''', often abbreviated as the WRF model. It is a Numerical Weather Prediction model (NWP).

Using an '''Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT),''' is ice accreted in a wind tunnel in a cold room. This method can be used to copy natural icing.

Icing '''modelling programs''' can also be used for simulating icing.

Some empirical studies also use specific object to accrete ice on.

<ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions</ref> <ref>Thorsson, P. et al. (2015) Modelling atmospheric icing: A comparison between icing calculated with measured meteorological data and NWP data. Cold regions science and technology. [Online] 119124–131.</ref> <ref>Makkonen, L. (2000). Models for the growth of rime, glaze, icicles and wet snow on structures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 358(1776), 2913–2939.</ref> <ref>Molinder, J. et al. (2018) Probabilistic forecasting of wind power production losses in cold climates: a case study. Wind energy science. [Online] 3 (2), 667– 680.</ref> <ref>Tabatabaei, G. (2019). Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Modeling in Icing Condition: Three-Dimensional RANS-CFD Versus Blade Element Momentum Method. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 141(7).</ref> <ref>Makkonen, L. (2001). Modelling and prevention of ice accretion on wind turbines. Wind Engineering, 25(1), 3–21.</ref> <ref>Ansys FENSAP-ICE: Ice Accretion Simulation Software, Ansys, webpage, available (accessed 4.3.2021): <nowiki>https://www.ansys.com/products/fluids/ansysfensap-ice/fensap-ice-capabilities</nowiki></ref>