Atmospheric Icing - Revision history

Novia at 10:38, 25 February 2022

2022-02-25T10:38:20Z

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	[[File:Icing9.png\|thumb\|394x394px\|Classification of atmospheric icing. ]]		[[File:Icing9.png\|thumb\|394x394px\|Classification of atmospheric icing. ]]
	Atmospheric icing is the creation of ice from water vapor, supercooled droplets, or ice crystals originating in the atmosphere.		Atmospheric icing is the creation of ice from water vapor, supercooled droplets, or ice crystals originating in the atmosphere. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref>

	Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).		Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).

Novia at 10:37, 25 February 2022

2022-02-25T10:37:38Z

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	[[File:Icing9.png\|thumb\|394x394px\|Classification of atmospheric icing. ]]		[[File:Icing9.png\|thumb\|394x394px\|Classification of atmospheric icing. ]]
			Atmospheric icing is the creation of ice from water vapor, supercooled droplets, or ice crystals originating in the atmosphere.

	Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).		Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).

Novia at 10:50, 15 February 2022

2022-02-15T10:50:24Z

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	[[File:~~Icing6~~.png\|thumb\|~~401x401px~~\|Classification of atmospheric icing]]		[[File:Icing9.png\|thumb\|394x394px\|Classification of atmospheric icing. ]]
	Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).		Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).

Novia at 12:57, 11 February 2022

2022-02-11T12:57:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:57, 11 February 2022
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	Liquid water in droplets can be in form of drop, droplet, hail or snow flake. The significant factor in atmospheric icing is super cooling of the water droplets, which means that temperature of droplets in the clouds or air is subzero. Depending on the icing conditions ice will occur as glaze ice, rime ice or mixed ice. Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both. The accreted ice type is defined by factors as temperature, icing type , wind speed, air humidity, precipitation and water phase, material properties (surface topography and chemistry), wetting behavior and surface temperature. <ref>Niklas Kandelin. 2021. ICING FACTORS AFFECTING RAILWAY TRAFFIC. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref>		Liquid water in droplets can be in form of drop, droplet, hail or snow flake. The significant factor in atmospheric icing is super cooling of the water droplets, which means that temperature of droplets in the clouds or air is subzero. Depending on the icing conditions ice will occur as glaze ice, rime ice or mixed ice. Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both. The accreted ice type is defined by factors as temperature, icing type , wind speed, air humidity, precipitation and water phase, material properties (surface topography and chemistry), wetting behavior and surface temperature. <ref>Niklas Kandelin. 2021. ICING FACTORS AFFECTING RAILWAY TRAFFIC. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref>
	[[File:Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing.png\|thumb\|~~573x573px~~\|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing.]]		[[File:Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing.png\|thumb\|520x520px\|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing.]]
	[[File:Windbuchencom.jpg\|thumb\|370x370px\|The effect of atmospheric icing on a tree in the Black Forest of Germany.<ref>Richardfabi. Public domain. Wikipedia. Atmospheric icing.</ref>\|left]]		[[File:Windbuchencom.jpg\|thumb\|370x370px\|The effect of atmospheric icing on a tree in the Black Forest of Germany.<ref>Richardfabi. Public domain. Wikipedia. Atmospheric icing.</ref>\|left]]



	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

Novia at 12:56, 11 February 2022

2022-02-11T12:56:58Z

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	[[File:Icing6.png\|thumb\|~~447x447px~~\|Classification of atmospheric icing]]		[[File:Icing6.png\|thumb\|401x401px\|Classification of atmospheric icing]]
	[[File:Parameters.jpg\|thumb\|448x448px\|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing. <ref>S. Fikke, G. Ronsten, A. Heimo, S. Kunz, M. Ostrozlik, P.-E. Persson, J. Sabata, B. Wareing, B. Wichura, J. Chum, T. Laakso, K. Säntti, Lasse Makkonen, COAT 727: Atmospheric Icing on Strutures Measurements and data collection on icing: State of the Art, MeteoSwiss No. 75, 2007.</ref>]][[File:Windbuchencom.jpg\|thumb\|447x447px\|The effect of atmospheric icing on a tree in the Black Forest of Germany.<ref>Richardfabi. Public domain. Wikipedia. Atmospheric icing.</ref>]]
	Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).		Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).

	Liquid water in droplets can be in form of drop, droplet, hail or snow flake. The significant factor in atmospheric icing is super cooling of the water droplets, which means that temperature of droplets in the clouds or air is subzero. Depending on the icing conditions ice will occur as glaze ice, rime ice or mixed ice. Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both. The accreted ice type is defined by factors as temperature, icing type , wind speed, air humidity, precipitation and water phase, material properties (surface topography and chemistry), wetting behavior and surface temperature. <ref>Niklas Kandelin. 2021. ICING FACTORS AFFECTING RAILWAY TRAFFIC. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref>		Liquid water in droplets can be in form of drop, droplet, hail or snow flake. The significant factor in atmospheric icing is super cooling of the water droplets, which means that temperature of droplets in the clouds or air is subzero. Depending on the icing conditions ice will occur as glaze ice, rime ice or mixed ice. Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both. The accreted ice type is defined by factors as temperature, icing type , wind speed, air humidity, precipitation and water phase, material properties (surface topography and chemistry), wetting behavior and surface temperature. <ref>Niklas Kandelin. 2021. ICING FACTORS AFFECTING RAILWAY TRAFFIC. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref>
			[[File:Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing.png\|thumb\|573x573px\|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing.]]
			[[File:Windbuchencom.jpg\|thumb\|370x370px\|The effect of atmospheric icing on a tree in the Black Forest of Germany.<ref>Richardfabi. Public domain. Wikipedia. Atmospheric icing.</ref>\|left]]

Novia at 12:25, 11 February 2022

2022-02-11T12:25:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:25, 11 February 2022
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	[[File:Parameters.jpg\|thumb\|448x448px\|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing. <ref>S. Fikke, G. Ronsten, A. Heimo, S. Kunz, M. Ostrozlik, P.-E. Persson, J. Sabata, B. Wareing, B. Wichura, J. Chum, T. Laakso, K. Säntti, Lasse Makkonen, COAT 727: Atmospheric Icing on Strutures Measurements and data collection on icing: State of the Art, MeteoSwiss No. 75, 2007.</ref>]][[File:Atmos.jpg\|thumb\|446x446px\|Classification of atmospheric icing. <ref>Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref>]]		[[File:Icing6.png\|thumb\|447x447px\|Classification of atmospheric icing]]
	[[File:Windbuchencom.jpg\|thumb\|447x447px\|The effect of atmospheric icing on a tree in the Black Forest of Germany.<ref>Richardfabi. Public domain. Wikipedia. Atmospheric icing.</ref>]]		[[File:Parameters.jpg\|thumb\|448x448px\|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing. <ref>S. Fikke, G. Ronsten, A. Heimo, S. Kunz, M. Ostrozlik, P.-E. Persson, J. Sabata, B. Wareing, B. Wichura, J. Chum, T. Laakso, K. Säntti, Lasse Makkonen, COAT 727: Atmospheric Icing on Strutures Measurements and data collection on icing: State of the Art, MeteoSwiss No. 75, 2007.</ref>]][[File:Windbuchencom.jpg\|thumb\|447x447px\|The effect of atmospheric icing on a tree in the Black Forest of Germany.<ref>Richardfabi. Public domain. Wikipedia. Atmospheric icing.</ref>]]
	Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).		Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).

	Liquid water in droplets can be in form of drop, droplet, hail or snow flake. The significant factor in atmospheric icing is super cooling of the water droplets, which means that temperature of droplets in the clouds or air is subzero. Depending on the icing conditions ice will occur as glaze ice, rime ice or mixed ice. Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both. The accreted ice type is defined by factors as temperature, icing type , wind speed, air humidity, precipitation and water phase, material properties (surface topography and chemistry), wetting behavior and surface temperature. <ref>Niklas Kandelin. 2021. ICING FACTORS AFFECTING RAILWAY TRAFFIC. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref>		Liquid water in droplets can be in form of drop, droplet, hail or snow flake. The significant factor in atmospheric icing is super cooling of the water droplets, which means that temperature of droplets in the clouds or air is subzero. Depending on the icing conditions ice will occur as glaze ice, rime ice or mixed ice. Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both. The accreted ice type is defined by factors as temperature, icing type , wind speed, air humidity, precipitation and water phase, material properties (surface topography and chemistry), wetting behavior and surface temperature. <ref>Niklas Kandelin. 2021. ICING FACTORS AFFECTING RAILWAY TRAFFIC. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref>



	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

Novia at 09:43, 11 February 2022

2022-02-11T09:43:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:43, 11 February 2022
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	[[File:Parameters.jpg\|thumb\|448x448px\|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing. <ref>S. Fikke, G. Ronsten, A. Heimo, S. Kunz, M. Ostrozlik, P.-E. Persson, J. Sabata, B. Wareing, B. Wichura, J. Chum, T. Laakso, K. Säntti, Lasse Makkonen, COAT 727: Atmospheric Icing on Strutures Measurements and data collection on icing: State of the Art, MeteoSwiss No. 75, 2007.</ref>]]Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).		[[File:Parameters.jpg\|thumb\|448x448px\|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing. <ref>S. Fikke, G. Ronsten, A. Heimo, S. Kunz, M. Ostrozlik, P.-E. Persson, J. Sabata, B. Wareing, B. Wichura, J. Chum, T. Laakso, K. Säntti, Lasse Makkonen, COAT 727: Atmospheric Icing on Strutures Measurements and data collection on icing: State of the Art, MeteoSwiss No. 75, 2007.</ref>]][[File:Atmos.jpg\|thumb\|446x446px\|Classification of atmospheric icing. <ref>Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref>]]
			[[File:Windbuchencom.jpg\|thumb\|447x447px\|The effect of atmospheric icing on a tree in the Black Forest of Germany.<ref>Richardfabi. Public domain. Wikipedia. Atmospheric icing.</ref>]]
			Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).

	Liquid water in droplets can be in form of drop, droplet, hail or snow flake. The significant factor in atmospheric icing is super cooling of the water droplets, which means that temperature of droplets in the clouds or air is subzero. Depending on the icing conditions ice will occur as glaze ice, rime ice or mixed ice. Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both. The accreted ice type is defined by factors as temperature, icing type , wind speed, air humidity, precipitation and water phase, material properties (surface topography and chemistry), wetting behavior and surface temperature. <ref>Niklas Kandelin. 2021. ICING FACTORS AFFECTING RAILWAY TRAFFIC. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref>		Liquid water in droplets can be in form of drop, droplet, hail or snow flake. The significant factor in atmospheric icing is super cooling of the water droplets, which means that temperature of droplets in the clouds or air is subzero. Depending on the icing conditions ice will occur as glaze ice, rime ice or mixed ice. Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both. The accreted ice type is defined by factors as temperature, icing type , wind speed, air humidity, precipitation and water phase, material properties (surface topography and chemistry), wetting behavior and surface temperature. <ref>Niklas Kandelin. 2021. ICING FACTORS AFFECTING RAILWAY TRAFFIC. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref>
	[[File:Atmos.jpg\|thumb\|446x446px\|Classification of atmospheric icing. <ref>Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref>]]


	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

Novia at 12:35, 31 January 2022

2022-01-31T12:35:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:35, 31 January 2022
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	[[File:Parameters.jpg\|thumb\|~~677x677px~~\|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing. <ref>S. Fikke, G. Ronsten, A. Heimo, S. Kunz, M. Ostrozlik, P.-E. Persson, J. Sabata, B. Wareing, B. Wichura, J. Chum, T. Laakso, K. Säntti, Lasse Makkonen, COAT 727: Atmospheric Icing on Strutures Measurements and data collection on icing: State of the Art, MeteoSwiss No. 75, 2007.</ref>]]		[[File:Parameters.jpg\|thumb\|448x448px\|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing. <ref>S. Fikke, G. Ronsten, A. Heimo, S. Kunz, M. Ostrozlik, P.-E. Persson, J. Sabata, B. Wareing, B. Wichura, J. Chum, T. Laakso, K. Säntti, Lasse Makkonen, COAT 727: Atmospheric Icing on Strutures Measurements and data collection on icing: State of the Art, MeteoSwiss No. 75, 2007.</ref>]]Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).

			Liquid water in droplets can be in form of drop, droplet, hail or snow flake. The significant factor in atmospheric icing is super cooling of the water droplets, which means that temperature of droplets in the clouds or air is subzero. Depending on the icing conditions ice will occur as glaze ice, rime ice or mixed ice. Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both. The accreted ice type is defined by factors as temperature, icing type , wind speed, air humidity, precipitation and water phase, material properties (surface topography and chemistry), wetting behavior and surface temperature. <ref>Niklas Kandelin. 2021. ICING FACTORS AFFECTING RAILWAY TRAFFIC. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref>
			[[File:Atmos.jpg\|thumb\|446x446px\|Classification of atmospheric icing. <ref>Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref>]]


	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

Novia: Replaced content with "File:Parameters.jpg|thumb|677x677px|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing. S. Fikke, G. Ronsten, A. Heimo, S. Kunz, M. Ostrozlik, P.-E. Persson, J. Sabata,..."

2022-01-27T08:50:40Z

Replaced content with "File:Parameters.jpg|thumb|677x677px|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing. <ref>S. Fikke, G. Ronsten, A. Heimo, S. Kunz, M. Ostrozlik, P.-E. Persson, J. Sabata,..."

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-Atmospheric Icing is icing happening in the air, when water droplets freeze on objects. The water droplets can be in form of [[Mist]], [[Fog]], [[Cloud]] or rain. Sometimes also water vapour can cause icing directly without the presence of liquid water.
+[[File:Parameters.jpg|thumb|677x677px|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing. <ref>S. Fikke, G. Ronsten, A. Heimo, S. Kunz, M. Ostrozlik, P.-E. Persson, J. Sabata, B. Wareing, B. Wichura, J. Chum, T. Laakso, K. Säntti, Lasse Makkonen, COAT 727: Atmospheric Icing on Strutures Measurements and data collection on icing: State of the Art, MeteoSwiss No. 75, 2007.</ref>]]
 ==References==
 <references />

Jyniemin at 11:13, 26 November 2021

2021-11-26T11:13:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:13, 26 November 2021
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	* [[Hard Rime]] ice		* [[Hard Rime]] ice
	* [[Soft Rime]] ice		* [[Soft Rime]] ice
	* [[Frost]]<ref>{{Cite journal\| doi = 10.1002/we.517\| title = Production of the Finnish Wind Atlas\| accessdate = 2021-08-09\| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/we.517}}</ref>		* [[Frost]]<ref name="Makkonen">{{Cite journal\| doi = 10.1002/we.517\| title = Production of the Finnish Wind Atlas\| accessdate = 2021-08-09\| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/we.517}}</ref>

	[[Freezing rain]] causes [[Clear ice]] or [[Hard Rime]] ice. Freezing [[Fog]], clouds or [[Mist]] cause [[Soft Rime]] and cold water vapour may cause [[Frost]].<ref>{{Cite journal\| doi = 10.1016/S0169-8095(97)00056-2\| issn = 0169-8095\| volume = 46\| issue = 1\| pages = 131–142\| last = Makkonen\| first = Lasse\| title = Modeling power line icing in freezing precipitation\| journal = Atmospheric Research\| accessdate = 2021-06-24\| date = 1998-04-01\| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809597000562}}</ref>		[[Freezing rain]] causes [[Clear ice]] or [[Hard Rime]] ice. Freezing [[Fog]], clouds or [[Mist]] cause [[Soft Rime]] and cold water vapour may cause [[Frost]].<ref>{{Cite journal\| doi = 10.1016/S0169-8095(97)00056-2\| issn = 0169-8095\| volume = 46\| issue = 1\| pages = 131–142\| last = Makkonen\| first = Lasse\| title = Modeling power line icing in freezing precipitation\| journal = Atmospheric Research\| accessdate = 2021-06-24\| date = 1998-04-01\| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809597000562}}</ref>

	The international ISO standard Atmospheric Icing on Structures (ISO, E 2017) is based on Makkonen icing model. The icing model calculates the amount of ice accumulated over a 1m high vertically oriented, freely rotating cylinder with a diameter of 3 cm. A threshold value of 10 g/h for the modelled icing intensity is often used (Hämäläinen and Niemelä 2017; Kjeller Vindteknikk 2020) to distinguish between icing and non-icing conditions. Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland<ref>{{Cite journal\| doi = 10.1002/we.517\| title = Production of the Finnish Wind Atlas\| accessdate = 2021-08-09\| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/we.517}}</ref>		The international ISO standard Atmospheric Icing on Structures (ISO, E 2017) is based on Makkonen icing model. The icing model calculates the amount of ice accumulated over a 1m high vertically oriented, freely rotating cylinder with a diameter of 3 cm. A threshold value of 10 g/h for the modelled icing intensity is often used (Hämäläinen and Niemelä 2017; Kjeller Vindteknikk 2020) to distinguish between icing and non-icing conditions. Production of a Numerical Icing Atlas for Finland<ref name="Makkonen">{{Cite journal\| doi = 10.1002/we.517\| title = Production of the Finnish Wind Atlas\| accessdate = 2021-08-09\| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/we.517}}</ref>

	The equation 3.1 describes the rime ice rate [g/h] over the standard cylinder, taking into account also melting<ref>{{Cite_web\|last=Testi\|first=Mies\|date=2021-11-26\|title=Testailuja\|url=https://www.google.com\|url-status=live\|archive-date=2021-11-26\|access-date=2021-11-26}}</ref>		The equation 3.1 describes the rime ice rate [g/h] over the standard cylinder, taking into account also melting<ref>{{Cite_web\|last=Testi\|first=Mies\|date=2021-11-26\|title=Testailuja\|url=https://www.google.com\|url-status=live\|archive-date=2021-11-26\|access-date=2021-11-26}}</ref>