https://wiki.icingcentre.eu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=NoviaIcingWiki - User contributions [en]2026-05-19T06:38:53ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.44.5https://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Ice_throw_from_wind_turbine&diff=1128Ice throw from wind turbine2022-02-28T13:54:46Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Throw.png|thumb|398x398px|Positions of found ice fragments on the observation site from one selected icing event. Circles indicate the tower positions. X indicate ice fragments. Different colors signify different turbines. Dotted lines indicate the most probable rotor position. <ref>Ice aggregation and ice throw from small wind turbines. 2021.↵↵Drapalik Markus, Zajicek Larissa, Purker Sebastian. ↵↵Cold Regions Science and Technology↵↵Volume 192, December 2021, 103399. Online. <nowiki>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X21001804</nowiki></ref> ]]<br />
Ice formation on wind turbines is a complex phenomenon, depending on multiple influence factors such as rotational speed of the turbine, air temperature, rotor blade temperature, liquid water content of the air and droplet size distribution. <ref>Makkonen 2012. L. Makkonen<br />
<br />
Ice adhesion – theory, measurements and countermeasures<br />
<br />
J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 26 (4–5) (2012), pp. 413-445<br />
<br />
<nowiki>http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1163/016942411X574583</nowiki></ref> This leads to different forms of ice on turbines, which are roughly classified as clear ice and rime ice. Clear ice has a much higher density. While rime ice is more frequently found on wind turbines under icing conditions typical for European sites, clear ice formation is typical for freezing rain, which causes large ice amounts in short time frames and occurs for example more frequently at Canadian sites. <ref>Bernstein et al. 2009. B.C. Bernstein, L. Makkonen, E. Järvinen<br />
<br />
European icing frequency derived from surface observations<br />
<br />
IWAIS XIII (2009)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>https://www.compusult.com/html/IWAIS_Proceedings/IWAIS_2009/Session_7_various_topics/session_7_bernstein.pdf</nowiki><br />
<br />
Google Scholar</ref><br />
<br />
Related to rotating systems a distinction must be made between ice throw, where ice ablates from the rotating blades of the turbine and is thrown away, and ice shed, where ice falls off the stationary blades and is transported by the wind <ref>Seifert et al. 2003. H. Seifert, A. Westerhellweg, J. Kr&amp;rdquo;oning<br />
<br />
Risk analysis of ice throw from wind turbines<br />
<br />
BOREAS, 6 (9) (2003)<br />
<br />
Google Scholar</ref> Large wind turbines (in the megawatt range) make use of appropriate sensors to detect ice and shut down or curtail automatically during icing conditions to prevent or reduce ice throw <ref>Lehtomäki et al., 2016<br />
<br />
V. Lehtomäki, A. Krenn, P.J. Jordaens, M. Wadham-Gagnon, N. Davis, N.-E. Clausen, T. Jokela, S. Kaija, Z. Khadiri-Yazami, G. Ronsten, H. Wickman, R. Klintström, R. Cattin<br />
<br />
Wind Energy in Cold Climates Available Technologies<br />
<br />
IEA Task 19 (2016)</ref> A qualitative comparison of the observed ice formation on SWT (small wind turbines) with the formation on large wind turbines (LWT), shows that the aggregated ice mass relative to the blade surface was significantly larger on small wind turbines. <ref name=":0">Ice aggregation and ice throw from small wind turbines. 2021.<br />
<br />
Drapalik Markus, Zajicek Larissa, Purker Sebastian. <br />
<br />
Cold Regions Science and Technology<br />
<br />
Volume 192, December 2021, 103399. Online. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X21001804</ref><br />
<br />
'''Observation of ice accumulation and fragments from a study 2016-2018''' <ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Observations of the formation of ice were made at the SWT (small wind turbines) test site in Lichtenegg (Austria) 2016-2018. On three days, icing intensity could be measured on a total of 11 turbines and the ice mass per meter rotor blade could be estimated. Linear ice mass density was found to be in the range of 0,6-6,5 g per cm blade, with median of 1,6 g/cm. This results in a total mass of 290 g for a three-bladed turbine with 60 cm blades. It was found that icing does not occur uniformly along the blade but increases linearly to the tip for large wind turbines. This can be explained by partial throw of accumulated ice and subsequent continuation of ice formation. Due to the varying environmental conditions at the different events, resulting in different icing strength and density of ice formation, quantitative analysis was limited to one event on 08.01.2016, with a high number of thrown, risk-relevant fragments. Positions of found ice fragments on the observation site from the selected icing event can be seen in the figure. Technical data about the wind turbines in figure below.<br />
[[File:Technical.png|thumb|397x397px|Technical characterization of the three turbines in the study where multiple ice fragments where found.]]<br />
Homola et al. (2009) <ref>Homola et al., 2009<br />
<br />
M.C. Homola, T. Wallenius, L. Makkonen, P.J. Nicklasson, P.A. Sundsbø<br />
<br />
The relationship between chord length and rime icing on wind turbines<br />
<br />
Wind Energy, 13 (7) (2009), pp. 627-632, 10.1002/we.383</ref> show possible variations of icing shapes. Risk relevant ice fragments need to reach a relevant mass and their maximum size is limited by the maximum ratio of length and thickness which again is determined by the brittleness of the relevant ice type. <br />
<br />
Using a limit of 40 J for potentially deadly ice fragments as suggested in van den Bosch et al. (1992) <ref>van den Bosch et al., 1992<br />
<br />
C. van den Bosch, L. Twilt, W. Merx, C. Jansen, D. de Weger, J.R.P.G.D.v. Leeuwen, J. Blom-Bruggeman, ''et al.''<br />
<br />
Methods for the Determination of Possible Damage to People and Objects Resulting From Releases of Hazardous Materials (CPR 16E)<br />
<br />
Director-General of Labour (1992)</ref>, this limits risk relevance for fatalities to fragments with a weight above 200 g. To include minor injuries, the impact energy limit for risk relevance should be reduced to 20 J, which results in 100 g for fragment mass.<br />
<br />
<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Ice_throw_from_wind_turbine&diff=1127Ice throw from wind turbine2022-02-28T13:53:29Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Throw.png|thumb|398x398px|Positions of found ice fragments on the observation site from one selected icing event. Circles indicate the tower positions. X indicate ice fragments. Different colors signify different turbines. Dotted lines indicate the most probable rotor position. <ref>Ice aggregation and ice throw from small wind turbines. 2021.↵↵Drapalik Markus, Zajicek Larissa, Purker Sebastian. ↵↵Cold Regions Science and Technology↵↵Volume 192, December 2021, 103399. Online. <nowiki>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X21001804</nowiki></ref> ]]<br />
Ice formation on wind turbines is a complex phenomenon, depending on multiple influence factors such as rotational speed of the turbine, air temperature, rotor blade temperature, liquid water content of the air and droplet size distribution. <ref>Makkonen 2012. L. Makkonen<br />
<br />
Ice adhesion – theory, measurements and countermeasures<br />
<br />
J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 26 (4–5) (2012), pp. 413-445<br />
<br />
<nowiki>http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1163/016942411X574583</nowiki></ref> This leads to different forms of ice on turbines, which are roughly classified as clear ice and rime ice. Clear ice has a much higher density. While rime ice is more frequently found on wind turbines under icing conditions typical for European sites, clear ice formation is typical for freezing rain, which causes large ice amounts in short time frames and occurs for example more frequently at Canadian sites. <ref>Bernstein et al. 2009. B.C. Bernstein, L. Makkonen, E. Järvinen<br />
<br />
European icing frequency derived from surface observations<br />
<br />
IWAIS XIII (2009)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>https://www.compusult.com/html/IWAIS_Proceedings/IWAIS_2009/Session_7_various_topics/session_7_bernstein.pdf</nowiki><br />
<br />
Google Scholar</ref><br />
<br />
Related to rotating systems a distinction must be made between ice throw, where ice ablates from the rotating blades of the turbine and is thrown away, and ice shed, where ice falls off the stationary blades and is transported by the wind <ref>Seifert et al. 2003. H. Seifert, A. Westerhellweg, J. Kr&amp;rdquo;oning<br />
<br />
Risk analysis of ice throw from wind turbines<br />
<br />
BOREAS, 6 (9) (2003)<br />
<br />
Google Scholar</ref> Large wind turbines (in the megawatt range) make use of appropriate sensors to detect ice and shut down or curtail automatically during icing conditions to prevent or reduce ice throw <ref>Lehtomäki et al., 2016<br />
<br />
V. Lehtomäki, A. Krenn, P.J. Jordaens, M. Wadham-Gagnon, N. Davis, N.-E. Clausen, T. Jokela, S. Kaija, Z. Khadiri-Yazami, G. Ronsten, H. Wickman, R. Klintström, R. Cattin<br />
<br />
Wind Energy in Cold Climates Available Technologies<br />
<br />
IEA Task 19 (2016)</ref> A qualitative comparison of the observed ice formation on SWT (small wind turbines) with the formation on large wind turbines (LWT), shows that the aggregated ice mass relative to the blade surface was significantly larger on small wind turbines. <ref name=":0">Ice aggregation and ice throw from small wind turbines. 2021.<br />
<br />
Drapalik Markus, Zajicek Larissa, Purker Sebastian. <br />
<br />
Cold Regions Science and Technology<br />
<br />
Volume 192, December 2021, 103399. Online. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X21001804</ref><br />
<br />
'''Observation of ice accumulation and fragments from a study 2016-2018''' <ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Observations of the formation of ice were made at the SWT (small wind turbines) test site in Lichtenegg (Austria) 2016-2018. On three days, icing intensity could be measured on a total of 11 turbines and the ice mass per meter rotor blade could be estimated. Linear ice mass density was found to be in the range of 0,6-6,5 g per cm blade, with median of 1,6 g/cm. This results in a total mass of 290 g for a three-bladed turbine with 60 cm blades. It was found that icing does not occur uniformly along the blade but increases linearly to the tip for large wind turbines. This can be explained by partial throw of accumulated ice and subsequent continuation of ice formation. Due to the varying environmental conditions at the different events, resulting in different icing strength and density of ice formation, quantitative analysis was limited to one event on 08.01.2016, with a high number of thrown, risk-relevant fragments. Positions of found ice fragments on the observation site from the selected icing event can be seen in the figure.<br />
[[File:Technical.png|thumb|395x395px|Technical characterization of the three turbines in the study where multiple ice fragments where found.]]<br />
Homola et al. (2009) <ref>Homola et al., 2009<br />
<br />
M.C. Homola, T. Wallenius, L. Makkonen, P.J. Nicklasson, P.A. Sundsbø<br />
<br />
The relationship between chord length and rime icing on wind turbines<br />
<br />
Wind Energy, 13 (7) (2009), pp. 627-632, 10.1002/we.383</ref> show possible variations of icing shapes. Risk relevant ice fragments need to reach a relevant mass and their maximum size is limited by the maximum ratio of length and thickness which again is determined by the brittleness of the relevant ice type. <br />
<br />
Using a limit of 40 J for potentially deadly ice fragments as suggested in van den Bosch et al. (1992) <ref>van den Bosch et al., 1992<br />
<br />
C. van den Bosch, L. Twilt, W. Merx, C. Jansen, D. de Weger, J.R.P.G.D.v. Leeuwen, J. Blom-Bruggeman, ''et al.''<br />
<br />
Methods for the Determination of Possible Damage to People and Objects Resulting From Releases of Hazardous Materials (CPR 16E)<br />
<br />
Director-General of Labour (1992)</ref>, this limits risk relevance for fatalities to fragments with a weight above 200 g. To include minor injuries, the impact energy limit for risk relevance should be reduced to 20 J, which results in 100 g for fragment mass.<br />
<br />
<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=File:Technical.png&diff=1126File:Technical.png2022-02-28T13:50:32Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>Technical characterization of three turbines where multiple ice fragments where found.</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1125Main Page2022-02-28T13:45:32Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
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'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
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== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''GENERAL ICING TERMS AND ICING STATES:''' [[icing]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[instrumental icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], [[ice accreation]], [[icing problems]] <br />
*'''TERMS RELATED TO FORMING OF ICE (PRE-ICING):''' [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[wenzel state]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[sea water freezing]], [[sea spray icing]], [[fog]],<br />
*'''TERMS RELATED TO ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[Ice adhesion|ice adhesion,]] [[wet snow]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[spongy ice]], [[hoar frost]], [[frost]], [[rime]], [[icicle]], [[ice density]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], <br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], [[superstructure icing]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[Wind turbine in winter|wind turbine in winter,]] [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on trucks]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]], [[offshore platforms]]<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[icephobic]], [[manual ice removal]], [[glycol]], [[polyethylene lining]], [[composite trailer]], [[anti-icing]], [[De-icing|de-icing,]]<br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]], [[heat flux]], [[ice throw from wind turbine]]<br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[anti-icing]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], [[composite trailer]], [[de-icing]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation),]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[fog]], [[freezing rain]], [[frost]], [[frost heaving]], [[glycol]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] [[hoar frost]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[ice accreation]], [[ice accreation period]], [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], [[ice density]], [[ice feature]], [[icephobic]], [[ice-phobic surface]], [[ice prevention]], [[ice throw from wind turbine]], [[ice type]], [[icicle]], [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on ships]], [[icing on trucks]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing problems]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency)]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[offshore platforms]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
[[polyethylene lining]], [[precipitation icing]], [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[rime]], [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[sea spray icing]], [[sea water freezing]], [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]], [[spongy ice]], [[supercooled water]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[superstructure icing]], [[track brittleness]], [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], [[T19IceLossMethod|T19IceLossMethod,]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[wind turbine in winter]], [[wind turbines classification]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
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*[[ImportReferences|How to import references into MediaWiki]]<br />
[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Offshore_platforms&diff=1124Offshore platforms2022-02-28T13:44:29Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Offshore.png|thumb|408x408px|Risk matrix for Arctic offshore platforms.]]Ryerson (2009) <ref>Ryerson, C. C. 2009. Assessment of superstructure ice protection as applied to offshore oil operations safety; ice protection technologies, safety enhancements, and development needs. ERDC/CRREL TR-09-4. Hanover, NH: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center.</ref> developed a risk matrix for offshore platforms (the figure ''risk matrix for Arctic offshore platforms''.). The matrix identifies spray icing as most serious, and snow as second most serious. Because spray ice and snow can add many tons of ice to an offshore platform owing to its large weather deck area, then stability was the largest safety concern.<br />
<br />
The risk matrix attempts to identify the types of ice that are the greatest threat to the vessel and the areas and functions of the vessel most affected by ice. A cross-tabulation then identifies the importance of ice type versus the areas or functions of the vessel most affected by ice.<br />
<br />
<ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Offshore_platforms&diff=1123Offshore platforms2022-02-28T13:43:32Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Offshore.png|thumb|408x408px|Risk matrix for Arctic offshore platforms.]]Ryerson (2009) <ref>Ryerson, C. C. 2009. Assessment of superstructure ice protection as applied to offshore oil operations safety; ice protection technologies, safety enhancements, and development needs. ERDC/CRREL TR-09-4. Hanover, NH: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center.</ref> developed a risk matrix for offshore platforms (the figure ''risk matrix for Arctic offshore platforms''.). The matrix identifies spray icing as most serious, and snow as second most serious. Because spray ice and snow can add many tons of ice to an offshore platform owing to its large weather deck area, then stability was the largest safety concern.<br />
<br />
The risk matrix attempts to identify the types of ice that are the greatest threat to the vessel and the areas and functions of the vessel most affected by ice. A cross-tabulation then identifies the importance of ice type versus the areas or functions of the vessel most affected by ice.</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Offshore_platforms&diff=1122Offshore platforms2022-02-28T13:37:14Z<p>Novia: Created page with "Risk matrix for Arctic offshore platforms."</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Offshore.png|thumb|408x408px|Risk matrix for Arctic offshore platforms.]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=File:Offshore.png&diff=1121File:Offshore.png2022-02-28T13:36:32Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div> Risk matrix for Arctic offshore platforms.</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Wet_snow&diff=1120Wet snow2022-02-28T13:31:48Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Wetsnow.jpg|thumb|Wet snow accretion on a collapsed overhead line. <ref>L. Makkonen & B. Wichura, Simulating wet snow loads on power line cables by a simple model, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol. 61, no. 2–3, 2010, pp. 73–81.</ref>]]<br />
Typical temperature for wet snow formation is between 0 °C and 3°C. Falling snow or ice particles melt, when they enter in to the warm (over 0 °C) zone of the atmosphere. Depending on the degree of melting rain, slush or wet snow is formed. In the wet snow formation there is only a little of melting involved and on the contrary in the [[freezing rain]] there is complete melting in the warmer zone. The accreted wet snow will actually freeze on the surface, when temperature falls below 0 °C after accretion event.<br />
<br />
When comparing wet snow to dry snow accretion, the key difference is that wet snow has very high LWC values (liquid water content) Partially melted, high water containing snowflakes are sticking very effectively on the surface and on the top of each other. However the mechanical forces the snow are weak due to porous structure.<br />
<br />
Wet snow, or sticky snow, readily bonds to all surfaces where dry snow does not readily bond. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref> <br />
<br />
Density of wet snow is in a range of 300-600 kg/m3 and it is mainly composed of liquid water, ice granules and air pockets. The whole structure is connected together by the capillary forces. Wet snow accretion cause mainly problems for overhead lines and collapsed structures.<br />
<br />
<br />
More on this topic:<br />
<br />
[[Icing on masts]]<br />
<br />
[[Icing on powerlines]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<ref>ISO-12494, Atmospheric icing of structures, 2001, 56 p.</ref> <ref>M. Tomaszewski & B. Ruszczak, Analysis of frequency of occurrence of weather conditions favouring wet snow adhesion and accretion on overhead power lines in Poland, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol. 85, 2013, pp. 102–108, .</ref> <ref>I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Dustewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Rönsten, L. Tallhaug, T. Wallenius, Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climates, IEA Wind 13.task, 2012 43 p. Available: <nowiki>https://www.ieawind.org/index_page_postings/June%207%20posts/task%2019%</nowiki> 20cold_climate_%20rp_approved05.12.pdf.</ref> <ref>M. Farzaneh, Atmospheric icing of power networks. Springer, London, United Kingdom, 2008, 381 p.</ref> <ref>Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions. Stenroos Christian. Master of Science Thesis. TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. October 2015. Online.</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Wet_snow&diff=1119Wet snow2022-02-28T13:31:07Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Wetsnow.jpg|thumb|Wet snow accretion on a collapsed overhead line. <ref>L. Makkonen & B. Wichura, Simulating wet snow loads on power line cables by a simple model, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol. 61, no. 2–3, 2010, pp. 73–81.</ref>]]<br />
Typical temperature for wet snow formation is between 0 °C and 3°C. Falling snow or ice particles melt, when they enter in to the warm (over 0 °C) zone of the atmosphere. Depending on the degree of melting rain, slush or wet snow is formed. In the wet snow formation there is only a little of melting involved and on the contrary in the [[freezing rain]] there is complete melting in the warmer zone. The accreted wet snow will actually freeze on the surface, when temperature falls below 0 °C after accretion event.<br />
<br />
When comparing wet snow to dry snow accretion, the key difference is that wet snow has very high LWC values (liquid water content) Partially melted, high water containing snowflakes are sticking very effectively on the surface and on the top of each other. However the mechanical forces the snow are weak due to porous structure.<br />
<br />
Wet snow, or sticky snow, readily bonds to all surfaces where dry snow does not readily bond. <br />
<br />
Density of wet snow is in a range of 300-600 kg/m3 and it is mainly composed of liquid water, ice granules and air pockets. The whole structure is connected together by the capillary forces. Wet snow accretion cause mainly problems for overhead lines and collapsed structures.<br />
<br />
<br />
More on this topic:<br />
<br />
[[Icing on masts]]<br />
<br />
[[Icing on powerlines]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<ref>ISO-12494, Atmospheric icing of structures, 2001, 56 p.</ref> <ref>M. Tomaszewski & B. Ruszczak, Analysis of frequency of occurrence of weather conditions favouring wet snow adhesion and accretion on overhead power lines in Poland, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol. 85, 2013, pp. 102–108, .</ref> <ref>I. Baring-Gould, R. Cattin, M. Dustewitz, M. Hulkkonen, A. Krenn, T. Laakso, A. Lacroix, E. Peltola, G. Rönsten, L. Tallhaug, T. Wallenius, Wind Energy Projects in Cold Climates, IEA Wind 13.task, 2012 43 p. Available: <nowiki>https://www.ieawind.org/index_page_postings/June%207%20posts/task%2019%</nowiki> 20cold_climate_%20rp_approved05.12.pdf.</ref> <ref>M. Farzaneh, Atmospheric icing of power networks. Springer, London, United Kingdom, 2008, 381 p.</ref> <ref>Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions. Stenroos Christian. Master of Science Thesis. TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. October 2015. Online.</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1118Main Page2022-02-28T13:25:58Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
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'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''GENERAL ICING TERMS AND ICING STATES:''' [[icing]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[instrumental icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], [[ice accreation]], [[icing problems]] <br />
*'''TERMS RELATED TO FORMING OF ICE (PRE-ICING):''' [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[wenzel state]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[sea water freezing]], [[sea spray icing]], [[fog]],<br />
*'''TERMS RELATED TO ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[Ice adhesion|ice adhesion,]] [[wet snow]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[spongy ice]], [[hoar frost]], [[frost]], [[rime]], [[icicle]], [[ice density]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], <br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], [[superstructure icing]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[Wind turbine in winter|wind turbine in winter,]] [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on trucks]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[icephobic]], [[manual ice removal]], [[glycol]], [[polyethylene lining]], [[composite trailer]], [[anti-icing]], [[De-icing|de-icing,]]<br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]], [[heat flux]], [[ice throw from wind turbine]]<br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[anti-icing]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], [[composite trailer]], [[de-icing]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation),]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[fog]], [[freezing rain]], [[frost]], [[frost heaving]], [[glycol]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] [[hoar frost]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[ice accreation]], [[ice accreation period]], [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], [[ice density]], [[ice feature]], [[icephobic]], [[ice-phobic surface]], [[ice prevention]], [[ice throw from wind turbine]], [[ice type]], [[icicle]], [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on ships]], [[icing on trucks]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing problems]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency)]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
[[polyethylene lining]], [[precipitation icing]], [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[rime]], [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[sea spray icing]], [[sea water freezing]], [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]], [[spongy ice]], [[supercooled water]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[superstructure icing]], [[track brittleness]], [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], [[T19IceLossMethod|T19IceLossMethod,]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[wind turbine in winter]], [[wind turbines classification]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
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*[[ImportReferences|How to import references into MediaWiki]]<br />
[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Ice_throw_from_wind_turbine&diff=1117Ice throw from wind turbine2022-02-28T13:24:47Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Throw.png|thumb|398x398px|Positions of found ice fragments on the observation site from one selected icing event. Circles indicate the tower positions. X indicate ice fragments. Different colors signify different turbines. Dotted lines indicate the most probable rotor position. ]]<br />
Ice formation on wind turbines is a complex phenomenon, depending on multiple influence factors such as rotational speed of the turbine, air temperature, rotor blade temperature, liquid water content of the air and droplet size distribution. <ref>Makkonen 2012. L. Makkonen<br />
<br />
Ice adhesion – theory, measurements and countermeasures<br />
<br />
J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 26 (4–5) (2012), pp. 413-445<br />
<br />
<nowiki>http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1163/016942411X574583</nowiki></ref> This leads to different forms of ice on turbines, which are roughly classified as clear ice and rime ice. Clear ice has a much higher density. While rime ice is more frequently found on wind turbines under icing conditions typical for European sites, clear ice formation is typical for freezing rain, which causes large ice amounts in short time frames and occurs for example more frequently at Canadian sites. <ref>Bernstein et al. 2009. B.C. Bernstein, L. Makkonen, E. Järvinen<br />
<br />
European icing frequency derived from surface observations<br />
<br />
IWAIS XIII (2009)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>https://www.compusult.com/html/IWAIS_Proceedings/IWAIS_2009/Session_7_various_topics/session_7_bernstein.pdf</nowiki><br />
<br />
Google Scholar</ref><br />
<br />
Related to rotating systems a distinction must be made between ice throw, where ice ablates from the rotating blades of the turbine and is thrown away, and ice shed, where ice falls off the stationary blades and is transported by the wind <ref>Seifert et al. 2003. H. Seifert, A. Westerhellweg, J. Kr&amp;rdquo;oning<br />
<br />
Risk analysis of ice throw from wind turbines<br />
<br />
BOREAS, 6 (9) (2003)<br />
<br />
Google Scholar</ref> Large wind turbines (in the megawatt range) make use of appropriate sensors to detect ice and shut down or curtail automatically during icing conditions to prevent or reduce ice throw <ref>Lehtomäki et al., 2016<br />
<br />
V. Lehtomäki, A. Krenn, P.J. Jordaens, M. Wadham-Gagnon, N. Davis, N.-E. Clausen, T. Jokela, S. Kaija, Z. Khadiri-Yazami, G. Ronsten, H. Wickman, R. Klintström, R. Cattin<br />
<br />
Wind Energy in Cold Climates Available Technologies<br />
<br />
IEA Task 19 (2016)</ref> A qualitative comparison of the observed ice formation on SWT (small wind turbines) with the formation on large wind turbines (LWT), shows that the aggregated ice mass relative to the blade surface was significantly larger on small wind turbines. <ref name=":0">Ice aggregation and ice throw from small wind turbines. 2021.<br />
<br />
Drapalik Markus, Zajicek Larissa, Purker Sebastian. <br />
<br />
Cold Regions Science and Technology<br />
<br />
Volume 192, December 2021, 103399. Online. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X21001804</ref><br />
<br />
'''Observation of ice accumulation and fragments from a study 2016-2018''' <ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Observations of the formation of ice were made at the SWT (small wind turbines) test site in Lichtenegg (Austria) 2016-2018. On three days, icing intensity could be measured on a total of 11 turbines and the ice mass per meter rotor blade could be estimated. Linear ice mass density was found to be in the range of 0,6-6,5 g per cm blade, with median of 1,6 g/cm. This results in a total mass of 290 g for a three-bladed turbine with 60 cm blades. It was found that icing does not occur uniformly along the blade but increases linearly to the tip for large wind turbines. This can be explained by partial throw of accumulated ice and subsequent continuation of ice formation. Due to the varying environmental conditions at the different events, resulting in different icing strength and density of ice formation, quantitative analysis was limited to one event on 08.01.2016, with a high number of thrown, risk-relevant fragments. Positions of found ice fragments on the observation site from the selected icing event can be seen in the figure.<br />
<br />
Homola et al. (2009) <ref>Homola et al., 2009<br />
<br />
M.C. Homola, T. Wallenius, L. Makkonen, P.J. Nicklasson, P.A. Sundsbø<br />
<br />
The relationship between chord length and rime icing on wind turbines<br />
<br />
Wind Energy, 13 (7) (2009), pp. 627-632, 10.1002/we.383</ref> show possible variations of icing shapes. Risk relevant ice fragments need to reach a relevant mass and their maximum size is limited by the maximum ratio of length and thickness which again is determined by the brittleness of the relevant ice type. <br />
<br />
Using a limit of 40 J for potentially deadly ice fragments as suggested in van den Bosch et al. (1992) <ref>van den Bosch et al., 1992<br />
<br />
C. van den Bosch, L. Twilt, W. Merx, C. Jansen, D. de Weger, J.R.P.G.D.v. Leeuwen, J. Blom-Bruggeman, ''et al.''<br />
<br />
Methods for the Determination of Possible Damage to People and Objects Resulting From Releases of Hazardous Materials (CPR 16E)<br />
<br />
Director-General of Labour (1992)</ref>, this limits risk relevance for fatalities to fragments with a weight above 200 g. To include minor injuries, the impact energy limit for risk relevance should be reduced to 20 J, which results in 100 g for fragment mass.<br />
<br />
<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Ice_throw_from_wind_turbine&diff=1116Ice throw from wind turbine2022-02-28T13:24:24Z<p>Novia: Created page with "File:Throw.png|thumb|398x398px|Positions of found ice fragments on the observation site from one selected icing event. Circles indicate the tower positions. X indicate ice f..."</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Throw.png|thumb|398x398px|Positions of found ice fragments on the observation site from one selected icing event. Circles indicate the tower positions. X indicate ice fragments. Different colors signify different turbines. Dotted lines indicate the most probable rotor position. ]]<br />
Ice formation on wind turbines is a complex phenomenon, depending on multiple influence factors such as rotational speed of the turbine, air temperature, rotor blade temperature, liquid water content of the air and droplet size distribution. <ref>Makkonen 2012. L. Makkonen<br />
<br />
Ice adhesion – theory, measurements and countermeasures<br />
<br />
J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 26 (4–5) (2012), pp. 413-445<br />
<br />
<nowiki>http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1163/016942411X574583</nowiki></ref> This leads to different forms of ice on turbines, which are roughly classified as clear ice and rime ice. Clear ice has a much higher density. While rime ice is more frequently found on wind turbines under icing conditions typical for European sites, clear ice formation is typical for freezing rain, which causes large ice amounts in short time frames and occurs for example more frequently at Canadian sites. <ref>Bernstein et al. 2009. B.C. Bernstein, L. Makkonen, E. Järvinen<br />
<br />
European icing frequency derived from surface observations<br />
<br />
IWAIS XIII (2009)<br />
<br />
<nowiki>https://www.compusult.com/html/IWAIS_Proceedings/IWAIS_2009/Session_7_various_topics/session_7_bernstein.pdf</nowiki><br />
<br />
Google Scholar</ref><br />
<br />
Related to rotating systems a distinction must be made between ice throw, where ice ablates from the rotating blades of the turbine and is thrown away, and ice shed, where ice falls off the stationary blades and is transported by the wind <ref>Seifert et al. 2003. H. Seifert, A. Westerhellweg, J. Kr&amp;rdquo;oning<br />
<br />
Risk analysis of ice throw from wind turbines<br />
<br />
BOREAS, 6 (9) (2003)<br />
<br />
Google Scholar</ref> Large wind turbines (in the megawatt range) make use of appropriate sensors to detect ice and shut down or curtail automatically during icing conditions to prevent or reduce ice throw <ref>Lehtomäki et al., 2016<br />
<br />
V. Lehtomäki, A. Krenn, P.J. Jordaens, M. Wadham-Gagnon, N. Davis, N.-E. Clausen, T. Jokela, S. Kaija, Z. Khadiri-Yazami, G. Ronsten, H. Wickman, R. Klintström, R. Cattin<br />
<br />
Wind Energy in Cold Climates Available Technologies<br />
<br />
IEA Task 19 (2016)</ref> A qualitative comparison of the observed ice formation on SWT (small wind turbines) with the formation on large wind turbines (LWT), shows that the aggregated ice mass relative to the blade surface was significantly larger on small wind turbines. <ref name=":0">Ice aggregation and ice throw from small wind turbines. 2021.<br />
<br />
Drapalik Markus, Zajicek Larissa, Purker Sebastian. <br />
<br />
Cold Regions Science and Technology<br />
<br />
Volume 192, December 2021, 103399. Online. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X21001804</ref><br />
<br />
'''Observation of ice accumulation and fragments from a study 2016-2018''' <ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Observations of the formation of ice were made at the SWT (small wind turbines) test site in Lichtenegg (Austria) 2016-2018. On three days, icing intensity could be measured on a total of 11 turbines and the ice mass per meter rotor blade could be estimated. Linear ice mass density was found to be in the range of 0,6-6,5 g per cm blade, with median of 1,6 g/cm. This results in a total mass of 290 g for a three-bladed turbine with 60 cm blades. It was found that icing does not occur uniformly along the blade but increases linearly to the tip for large wind turbines. This can be explained by partial throw of accumulated ice and subsequent continuation of ice formation. Due to the varying environmental conditions at the different events, resulting in different icing strength and density of ice formation, quantitative analysis was limited to one event on 08.01.2016, with a high number of thrown, risk-relevant fragments. Positions of found ice fragments on the observation site from the selected icing event can be seen in the figure.<br />
<br />
Homola et al. (2009) <ref>Homola et al., 2009<br />
<br />
M.C. Homola, T. Wallenius, L. Makkonen, P.J. Nicklasson, P.A. Sundsbø<br />
<br />
The relationship between chord length and rime icing on wind turbines<br />
<br />
Wind Energy, 13 (7) (2009), pp. 627-632, 10.1002/we.383</ref> show possible variations of icing shapes. Risk relevant ice fragments need to reach a relevant mass and their maximum size is limited by the maximum ratio of length and thickness which again is determined by the brittleness of the relevant ice type. <br />
<br />
Using a limit of 40 J for potentially deadly ice fragments as suggested in van den Bosch et al. (1992) <ref>van den Bosch et al., 1992<br />
<br />
C. van den Bosch, L. Twilt, W. Merx, C. Jansen, D. de Weger, J.R.P.G.D.v. Leeuwen, J. Blom-Bruggeman, ''et al.''<br />
<br />
Methods for the Determination of Possible Damage to People and Objects Resulting From Releases of Hazardous Materials (CPR 16E)<br />
<br />
Director-General of Labour (1992)</ref>, this limits risk relevance for fatalities to fragments with a weight above 200 g. To include minor injuries, the impact energy limit for risk relevance should be reduced to 20 J, which results in 100 g for fragment mass.<br />
<br />
<ref name=":0" /></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=File:Throw.png&diff=1115File:Throw.png2022-02-28T13:00:21Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>Positions of found ice fragments on the observation site from one selected icing event. Circles indicate the tower positions. X indicate ice fragments. Different colors signify different turbines. Dotted lines indicate the most probable rotor position.</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1114Main Page2022-02-28T12:25:33Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
<br />
Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br />
<br />
To add a new article you can search for the article title you wish to add, or search for "Create an article".<br />
<br />
Instructions for using references in wiki are shown in document [[ImportReferences|Inserting citations]].<br />
<br />
'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''GENERAL ICING TERMS AND ICING STATES:''' [[icing]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[instrumental icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], [[ice accreation]], [[icing problems]] <br />
*'''TERMS RELATED TO FORMING OF ICE (PRE-ICING):''' [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[wenzel state]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[sea water freezing]], [[sea spray icing]], [[fog]],<br />
*'''TERMS RELATED TO ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[Ice adhesion|ice adhesion,]] [[wet snow]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[spongy ice]], [[hoar frost]], [[frost]], [[rime]], [[icicle]], [[ice density]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], <br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], [[superstructure icing]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[Wind turbine in winter|wind turbine in winter,]] [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on trucks]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[icephobic]], [[manual ice removal]], [[glycol]], [[polyethylene lining]], [[composite trailer]], [[anti-icing]], [[De-icing|de-icing,]]<br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]], [[heat flux]], <br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[anti-icing]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], [[composite trailer]], [[de-icing]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation),]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[fog]], [[freezing rain]], [[frost]], [[frost heaving]], [[glycol]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] [[hoar frost]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[ice accreation]], [[ice accreation period]], [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], [[ice density]], [[ice feature]], [[icephobic]], [[ice-phobic surface]], [[ice prevention]], [[ice type]], [[icicle]], [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on ships]], [[icing on trucks]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing problems]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency)]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
[[polyethylene lining]], [[precipitation icing]], [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[rime]], [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[sea spray icing]], [[sea water freezing]], [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]], [[spongy ice]], [[supercooled water]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[superstructure icing]], [[track brittleness]], [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], [[T19IceLossMethod|T19IceLossMethod,]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[wind turbine in winter]], [[wind turbines classification]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br />
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]<br />
*[[ImportReferences|How to import references into MediaWiki]]<br />
[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Wind_turbine_in_winter&diff=1113Wind turbine in winter2022-02-28T12:24:08Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>There are different ice effects on offshore wind turbine, drifting ice affect the foundation more than the land fast-ice. The tower behaves as a single isolated pinning point resisting the applied driving force, which can be distributed over the tower surface. The ice contact area is an important parameter to determine the foundation sliding resistance, foundation shear bearing capacity and overturning moment at the seabed of a wind turbine structure. <br />
<br />
Vibrations from floating ice and atmospheric icing damage the turbine. Semi-active countermeasures are activated automatically to prevent excessive vibrations. Embedding damping and smart elements in the supporting structure reduce the vibrations. <br />
<br />
In 2006, there were not many standards and regulations for offshore wind turbine. Danish regulation included the requirement of the foundation being designed for horizontal and vertical ice load. De-icing and anti-icing systems are still under development. Blades heating systems are currently used in Finland, Sweden and Switzerland. Thermal anti-icing systems are the most used systems. <br />
<br />
The maintenance of wind turbines is impacted by the risk of ice throw from ice shedding. Where the sea freezes over completely, the access for maintenance purposes may be often completely impossible. <br />
<br />
Ice prevention systems on blades, accurate sealing, load mitigation systems for sea ice, cold weather packages and diagnostic tools integrated to account for ice loads effects will be a sensible part of the investment and operating costs. <br />
<br />
<ref>Battisti, L., Fedrizzi, R., Brighenti, A. & Laakso, T., 2006. Sea ice and icing risk for offshore wind turbines. In: Turbines in Cold Climates. Citavecchia, Italy: Springer, pp. 20-22. </ref><br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Wind_turbine_in_winter&diff=1112Wind turbine in winter2022-02-28T12:23:50Z<p>Novia: Created page with "There are different ice effects on offshore wind turbine, drifting ice affect the foundation more than the land fast-ice. The tower behaves as a single isolated pinning point..."</p>
<hr />
<div>There are different ice effects on offshore wind turbine, drifting ice affect the foundation more than the land fast-ice. The tower behaves as a single isolated pinning point resisting the applied driving force, which can be distributed over the tower surface. The ice contact area is an important parameter to determine the foundation sliding resistance, foundation shear bearing capacity and overturning moment at the seabed of a wind turbine structure. <br />
<br />
Vibrations from floating ice and atmospheric icing damage the turbine. Semi-active countermeasures are activated automatically to prevent excessive vibrations. Embedding damping and smart elements in the supporting structure reduce the vibrations. <br />
<br />
In 2006, there were not many standards and regulations for offshore wind turbine. Danish regulation included the requirement of the foundation being designed for horizontal and vertical ice load. De-icing and anti-icing systems are still under development. Blades heating systems are currently used in Finland, Sweden and Switzerland. Thermal anti-icing systems are the most used systems. <br />
<br />
The maintenance of wind turbines is impacted by the risk of ice throw from ice shedding. Where the sea freezes over completely, the access for maintenance purposes may be often completely impossible. <br />
<br />
Ice prevention systems on blades, accurate sealing, load mitigation systems for sea ice, cold weather packages and diagnostic tools integrated to account for ice loads effects will be a sensible part of the investment and operating costs. <br />
<br />
<ref>Battisti, L., Fedrizzi, R., Brighenti, A. & Laakso, T., 2006. Sea ice and icing risk for offshore wind turbines. In: Turbines in Cold Climates. Citavecchia, Italy: Springer, pp. 20-22. </ref></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1111Main Page2022-02-28T09:50:10Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
<br />
Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br />
<br />
To add a new article you can search for the article title you wish to add, or search for "Create an article".<br />
<br />
Instructions for using references in wiki are shown in document [[ImportReferences|Inserting citations]].<br />
<br />
'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''GENERAL ICING TERMS AND ICING STATES:''' [[icing]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[instrumental icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], [[ice accreation]], [[icing problems]] <br />
*'''TERMS RELATED TO FORMING OF ICE (PRE-ICING):''' [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[wenzel state]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[sea water freezing]], [[sea spray icing]], [[fog]],<br />
*'''TERMS RELATED TO ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[Ice adhesion|ice adhesion,]] [[wet snow]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[spongy ice]], [[hoar frost]], [[frost]], [[rime]], [[icicle]], [[ice density]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], <br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], [[superstructure icing]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on trucks]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[icephobic]], [[manual ice removal]], [[glycol]], [[polyethylene lining]], [[composite trailer]], [[anti-icing]], [[De-icing|de-icing,]]<br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]], [[heat flux]], <br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[anti-icing]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], [[composite trailer]], [[de-icing]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation),]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[fog]], [[freezing rain]], [[frost]], [[frost heaving]], [[glycol]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] [[hoar frost]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[ice accreation]], [[ice accreation period]], [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], [[ice density]], [[ice feature]], [[icephobic]], [[ice-phobic surface]], [[ice prevention]], [[ice type]], [[icicle]], [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on ships]], [[icing on trucks]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing problems]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency)]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
[[polyethylene lining]], [[precipitation icing]], [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[rime]], [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[sea spray icing]], [[sea water freezing]], [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]], [[spongy ice]], [[supercooled water]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[superstructure icing]], [[track brittleness]], [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], [[T19IceLossMethod|T19IceLossMethod,]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[wind turbines classification]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br />
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]<br />
*[[ImportReferences|How to import references into MediaWiki]]<br />
[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1110Main Page2022-02-28T09:46:46Z<p>Novia: /* Topics */</p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
<br />
Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br />
<br />
To add a new article you can search for the article title you wish to add, or search for "Create an article".<br />
<br />
Instructions for using references in wiki are shown in document [[ImportReferences|Inserting citations]].<br />
<br />
'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''GENERAL ICING TERMS AND ICING STATES:''' [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], icing event, [[meteorological icing]], [[instrumental icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], [[ice accreation]], [[icing problems]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[spongy ice]], [[hoar frost]], [[frost]], [[rime]], icicle, ice density, microroughness and nanoroughness, <br />
*TERMS RELATED TO FORMING OF ICE (PRE-ICING): [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[wenzel state]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[sea water freezing]], [[sea spray icing]], [[fog]],<br />
*TERMS RELATED TO ICE AND ICE FEATURES: [[icing]], [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], ice adhesion, [[wet snow]], <br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], [[superstructure icing]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on trucks]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[icephobic]], [[manual ice removal]], [[glycol]], [[polyethylene lining]], [[composite trailer]], [[anti-icing]], [[De-icing|de-icing,]]<br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]], [[heat flux]], <br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[anti-icing]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], [[composite trailer]], [[de-icing]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation),]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[fog]], [[freezing rain]], [[frost]], [[frost heaving]], [[glycol]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] [[hoar frost]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[ice accreation]], [[ice accreation period]], [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], [[ice density]], [[ice feature]], [[icephobic]], [[ice-phobic surface]], [[ice prevention]], [[ice type]], [[icicle]], [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on ships]], [[icing on trucks]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing problems]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency)]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
[[polyethylene lining]], [[precipitation icing]], [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[rime]], [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[sea spray icing]], [[sea water freezing]], [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]], [[spongy ice]], [[supercooled water]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[superstructure icing]], [[track brittleness]], [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], [[T19IceLossMethod|T19IceLossMethod,]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[wind turbines classification]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br />
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]<br />
*[[ImportReferences|How to import references into MediaWiki]]<br />
[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1109Main Page2022-02-28T09:32:16Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
<br />
Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br />
<br />
To add a new article you can search for the article title you wish to add, or search for "Create an article".<br />
<br />
Instructions for using references in wiki are shown in document [[ImportReferences|Inserting citations]].<br />
<br />
'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''FORMING OF ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[icing]], [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[ice adhesion]], [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], [[ice accreation]], [[icing problems]], [[sea water freezing]], [[sea spray icing]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[spongy ice]], [[hoar frost]], [[frost]], [[rime]], [[fog]], [[icicle]]<br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], [[superstructure icing]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on trucks]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[ice density]], [[icephobic]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[manual ice removal]], [[glycol]], [[polyethylene lining]], [[composite trailer]], [[anti-icing]], [[De-icing|de-icing,]]<br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]], [[heat flux]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[anti-icing]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[Brine pockets and -channels|brine pockets- and channels]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], [[composite trailer]], [[de-icing]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation),]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[fog]], [[freezing rain]], [[frost]], [[frost heaving]], [[glycol]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] [[hoar frost]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[ice accreation]], [[ice accreation period]], [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], [[ice density]], [[ice feature]], [[icephobic]], [[ice-phobic surface]], [[ice prevention]], [[ice type]], [[icicle]], [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], [[icing on ships]], [[icing on trucks]], [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing problems]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency)]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
[[polyethylene lining]], [[precipitation icing]], [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[rime]], [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[sea spray icing]], [[sea water freezing]], [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]], [[spongy ice]], [[supercooled water]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[superstructure icing]], [[track brittleness]], [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], [[T19IceLossMethod|T19IceLossMethod,]] <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], [[wind turbine blade aerodynamics]], [[wind turbines classification]], [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br />
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]<br />
*[[ImportReferences|How to import references into MediaWiki]]<br />
[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1108Main Page2022-02-25T13:08:56Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
<br />
Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br />
<br />
To add a new article you can search for the article title you wish to add, or search for "Create an article".<br />
<br />
Instructions for using references in wiki are shown in document [[ImportReferences|Inserting citations]].<br />
<br />
'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''FORMING OF ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[icing]], [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[ice adhesion]], [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], ice accreation, icing problems, sea water freezing, sea spray icing, brine pockets- and channels, spongy ice, hoar frost, frost, rime, fog, icicle<br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], superstructure icing, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing on masts]], icing on powerlines, icing on trucks, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[ice density]], [[icephobic]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[manual ice removal]], glycol, polyethylene lining, composite trailer, anti-icing, de-icing, <br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], track brittleness, heat flux, [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], anti-icing, atmospheric icing, brine pockets- and channels, [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], composite trailer, de-icing, de-icing chemicals (aviation), <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
fog, freezing rain, frost, [[frost heaving]], glycol, [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] hoar frost, [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], ice accreation, ice accreation period, [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], ice density, ice feature, [[icephobic]], ice-phobic surfaces, [[ice prevention]], [[ice type]], icicle, [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], icing on ships, icing on trucks, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], icing problems, [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], IEA (International Energy Agency), [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], LTC (low temperature climate), [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
polyethylene lining, precipitation icing, [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], rime, SAR imaging, sea spray icing, sea water freezing, SLD (supercooled large droplets), SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces), spongy ice, supercooled water, [[superhydrophobic surface]], superstructure icing, track brittleness, [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], T19IceLossMethod, <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, wind turbines classification, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br />
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br />
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*[[ImportReferences|How to import references into MediaWiki]]<br />
[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Icicle&diff=1107Icicle2022-02-25T11:50:42Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>An '''icicle''' is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes. <ref name=":0">Icicle. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Online. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icicle</ref><br />
<br />
Icicles can form during bright, sunny, but subfreezing weather, when ice or snow melted by sunlight or some other heat source (such as a poorly insulated building), refreezes as it drips off under exposed conditions. Another set of conditions is during ice storms, when rain falling in air slightly below freezing slowly accumulates as numerous small icicles hanging from twigs, leaves, wires, etc. Thirdly, icicles can form wherever water seeps out of or drips off vertical surfaces such as road cuts or cliffs. <ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Icicles can pose both personal and structural dangers. <ref>CityNews.ca – Dangerous Icicles A Concern As Pieces Fall From Above Archived 4 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1106Main Page2022-02-25T11:47:44Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
<br />
Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br />
<br />
To add a new article you can search for the article title you wish to add, or search for "Create an article".<br />
<br />
Instructions for using references in wiki are shown in document [[ImportReferences|Inserting citations]].<br />
<br />
'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''FORMING OF ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[icing]], [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[ice adhesion]], [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], ice accreation, icing problems, sea water freezing, sea spray icing, brine pockets- and channels, spongy ice, hoar frost, frost, rime, fog, icicle<br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], superstructure icing, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing on masts]], icing on powerlines, icing on trucks, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[ice density]], [[icephobic]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[manual ice removal]], glycol, polyethylene lining, composite trailer, anti-icing, de-icing, <br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[instrumental icing]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]]<br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], anti-icing, atmospheric icing, brine pockets- and channels, [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], composite trailer, de-icing, de-icing chemicals (aviation), <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
fog, freezing rain, frost, [[frost heaving]], glycol, [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] hoar frost, [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], ice accreation, ice accreation period, [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], ice density, ice feature, [[icephobic]], ice-phobic surfaces, [[ice prevention]], [[ice type]], icicle, [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], icing on ships, icing on trucks, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], icing problems, [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], IEA (International Energy Agency), [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], LTC (low temperature climate), [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
polyethylene lining, precipitation icing, [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], rime, SAR imaging, sea spray icing, sea water freezing, SLD (supercooled large droplets), SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces), spongy ice, supercooled water, [[superhydrophobic surface]], superstructure icing, track brittleness, [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], T19IceLossMethod, <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, wind turbines classification, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br />
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br />
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*[[ImportReferences|How to import references into MediaWiki]]<br />
[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Ice_type&diff=1105Ice type2022-02-25T11:47:10Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Ice types 3.jpg|thumb|518x518px|Three different ice types from icing trials The numbers presented in each blade are the volume median particle sizes for sprayed water droplets.<ref name=":0">Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Properties-of-icephobic-surfaces-in-different-icing-Stenroos/d40a044131114b37dbdb41d793ffc849a765a6d8</ref>]]'''Ice''' '''type''' can change depending on the icing conditions. Ice types can be divided into three different types: glaze ice, rime ice and mixed ice. <br />
<br />
* Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Glaze ice is formed at higher temperatures, from freezing rain.<br />
* Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Rime is formed mainly by in-cloud icing, in fog for example.<br />
* Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both.<br />
<br />
Factors that determine which type of ice is accreted are temperature, icing type, wind speed, air humidity, precipitation type (droplets size distribution and intensity i.e. liquid water content) and phases of water. <br />
<br />
Material properties influence ice type as well, like surface topography and chemistry, wetting behavior, and surface temperature. Changing weather parameters, however, will also determine the forming ice type. Roughly speaking when droplets are more tightly together, and freeze slower, they form glaze. When freezing is faster, and droplets are not so well arranged, rime is formed. This is why glaze is denser than rime.<br />
<br />
Formation of rime ice differs from other icing due its small droplet size, low temperature and low LWC. <ref>ISO-12494, Atmospheric icing of structures, 2001, 56 p.</ref><br />
<br />
Wet ice (glaze) grows when the water nucleates slowly because the air is warm, drops are large, and liquid water content is high. Air is excluded as the water freezes, and a clear accumulation forms with excess water running off, and perhaps refreezing as [[Icicle|icicles]]. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
More on this topic: [[Ice density]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Ice types 2.jpg|thumb|518x518px|<ref>Han, P. (2012). Scaled ice accretion experiments on a rotating wind turbine blade. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 109, 55–67</ref>Formation parameters of different ice types, and some ice type properties. Icing type is either precipitation (P) or in-cloud (I).]]<br />
<br />
<ref name=":0" /> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref> <ref>M. Farzaneh, Atmospheric icing of power networks. Springer, London, United Kingdom, 2008, 381 p.</ref><br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Icicle&diff=1104Icicle2022-02-25T11:46:42Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>An '''icicle''' is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes. <ref>Icicle. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Online. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icicle</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Icicle&diff=1103Icicle2022-02-25T11:46:27Z<p>Novia: Created page with "An '''icicle''' is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes. <ref>Icicle. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Online. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icicle..."</p>
<hr />
<div>An '''icicle''' is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes. <ref>Icicle. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Online. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icicle</ref></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Ice_type&diff=1102Ice type2022-02-25T11:45:10Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Ice types 3.jpg|thumb|518x518px|Three different ice types from icing trials The numbers presented in each blade are the volume median particle sizes for sprayed water droplets.<ref name=":0">Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Properties-of-icephobic-surfaces-in-different-icing-Stenroos/d40a044131114b37dbdb41d793ffc849a765a6d8</ref>]]'''Ice''' '''type''' can change depending on the icing conditions. Ice types can be divided into three different types: glaze ice, rime ice and mixed ice. <br />
<br />
* Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Glaze ice is formed at higher temperatures, from freezing rain.<br />
* Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Rime is formed mainly by in-cloud icing, in fog for example.<br />
* Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both.<br />
<br />
Factors that determine which type of ice is accreted are temperature, icing type, wind speed, air humidity, precipitation type (droplets size distribution and intensity i.e. liquid water content) and phases of water. <br />
<br />
Material properties influence ice type as well, like surface topography and chemistry, wetting behavior, and surface temperature. Changing weather parameters, however, will also determine the forming ice type. Roughly speaking when droplets are more tightly together, and freeze slower, they form glaze. When freezing is faster, and droplets are not so well arranged, rime is formed. This is why glaze is denser than rime.<br />
<br />
Formation of rime ice differs from other icing due its small droplet size, low temperature and low LWC. <ref>ISO-12494, Atmospheric icing of structures, 2001, 56 p.</ref><br />
<br />
Wet ice (glaze) grows when the water nucleates slowly because the air is warm, drops are large, and liquid water content is high. Air is excluded as the water freezes, and a clear accumulation forms with excess water running off, and perhaps refreezing as icicles. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
More on this topic: [[Ice density]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Ice types 2.jpg|thumb|518x518px|<ref>Han, P. (2012). Scaled ice accretion experiments on a rotating wind turbine blade. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 109, 55–67</ref>Formation parameters of different ice types, and some ice type properties. Icing type is either precipitation (P) or in-cloud (I).]]<br />
<br />
<ref name=":0" /> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref> <ref>M. Farzaneh, Atmospheric icing of power networks. Springer, London, United Kingdom, 2008, 381 p.</ref><br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Ice_type&diff=1101Ice type2022-02-25T11:44:54Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Ice types 3.jpg|thumb|518x518px|Three different ice types from icing trials The numbers presented in each blade are the volume median particle sizes for sprayed water droplets.<ref name=":0">Stenroos, C. (2015) Properties of icephobic surfaces in different icing conditions. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Properties-of-icephobic-surfaces-in-different-icing-Stenroos/d40a044131114b37dbdb41d793ffc849a765a6d8</ref>]]'''Ice''' '''type''' can change depending on the icing conditions. Ice types can be divided into three different types: glaze ice, rime ice and mixed ice. <br />
<br />
* Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Glaze ice is formed at higher temperatures, from freezing rain.<br />
* Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Rime is formed mainly by in-cloud icing, in fog for example.<br />
* Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both.<br />
<br />
Factors that determine which type of ice is accreted are temperature, icing type, wind speed, air humidity, precipitation type (droplets size distribution and intensity i.e. liquid water content) and phases of water. <br />
<br />
Material properties influence ice type as well, like surface topography and chemistry, wetting behavior, and surface temperature. Changing weather parameters, however, will also determine the forming ice type. Roughly speaking when droplets are more tightly together, and freeze slower, they form glaze. When freezing is faster, and droplets are not so well arranged, rime is formed. This is why glaze is denser than rime.<br />
<br />
Formation of rime ice differs from other icing due its small droplet size, low temperature and low LWC. <ref>ISO-12494, Atmospheric icing of structures, 2001, 56 p.</ref><br />
<br />
Wet ice grows when the water nucleates slowly because the air is warm, drops are large, and liquid water content is high. Air is excluded as the water freezes, and a clear accumulation forms with excess water running off, and perhaps refreezing as icicles. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
More on this topic: [[Ice density]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Ice types 2.jpg|thumb|518x518px|<ref>Han, P. (2012). Scaled ice accretion experiments on a rotating wind turbine blade. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 109, 55–67</ref>Formation parameters of different ice types, and some ice type properties. Icing type is either precipitation (P) or in-cloud (I).]]<br />
<br />
<ref name=":0" /> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref> <ref>M. Farzaneh, Atmospheric icing of power networks. Springer, London, United Kingdom, 2008, 381 p.</ref><br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Freezing_rain&diff=1100Freezing rain2022-02-25T11:42:42Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:2013-01-24 Glaze from freezing rain on a car in Elko, Nevada.jpg|thumb|405x405px|Glaze from freezing rain on a car window. <ref>Famartin. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0. 2013-01-24 Glaze from freezing rain on a car in Elko, Nevada.jpg. </ref>]]<br />
'''Freezing rain''' is liquid water at zero degrees Celsius or lower. In nature, a specific set of conditions can cause freezing rain, which results in fast ice accretion. Freezing rain creates glaze ice. <br />
<br />
Water can remain liquid even at subzero temperature when it travels through cold air, but does not have enough time to freeze into ice pellets. Freezing rain happens when frozen raindrops pass through a warm layer of air. This causes the drops to melt. Then the drops need to go again through freezing air, where their temperature falls below freezing, but they remain liquid. Freezing rain happens only in temperatures, where the droplets can unfreeze during their fall. It freezes upon contact with a process known as [https://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php/Nucleation nucleation.] <br />
<br />
<ref>Jin, J. Y. (2021) Study of Atmospheric Ice Accretion on Wind Turbine Blades. UiT Norges arktiske universitet. https://munin.uit.no/handle/10037/22115</ref> <ref>THE RATE AT WHICH RAIN FREEZES IN A FREEZING RAIN EVENT, The weather prediction, webpage, available (accessed 29.2.2021): <nowiki>http://www.theweatherprediction.com/habyhints/210/</nowiki></ref> <ref>Will it rain, sleet or snow?, Weather.Gov, webpage, available (accessed 29.2.2021): <nowiki>https://www.weather.gov/source/zhu/ZHU_Training_Page/winter_stuff/winter_wx/winter_wx.html</nowiki></ref> <ref>Niklas Kandelin: Icing Factors Affecting Railway Traffic Master of Science Thesis Tampere University Master’s Degree Programme, Materials Science October 2021</ref><br />
<br />
Freezing drizzle and - rain occur when droplets that were created in warm air fall through a layer of cold air and supercool. This is often where warm air is overriding cold air, such as in a warm front or where warm air is overriding cold air trapped in mountain valleys. These are the classic meteorological situations where freezing drizzle or freezing rain form. Drops falling through the cold air supercool, but not sufficiently to freeze before striking objects. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref> <ref>Cober, S. G., G. A. Isaac, and J. W. Strapp. 2001. Characterization of aircraft icing environments that include superc</ref> <ref>Korolev, A. V., G. A. Isaac, J. W. Strapp, and S. G. Cober. 2002. Observation of drizzle at temperatures below −20°C. AIAA 2002-0678. In Proceedings of the 40th American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 14–17 January, Reno, NV</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1099Main Page2022-02-25T11:37:38Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
<br />
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<br />
To add a new article you can search for the article title you wish to add, or search for "Create an article".<br />
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'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''FORMING OF ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[icing]], [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[ice adhesion]], [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], ice accreation, icing problems, sea water freezing, sea spray icing, brine pockets- and channels, spongy ice, hoar frost, frost, rime, fog<br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], superstructure icing, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing on masts]], icing on powerlines, icing on trucks, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[ice density]], [[icephobic]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[manual ice removal]], glycol, polyethylene lining, composite trailer, anti-icing, de-icing, <br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[instrumental icing]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]]<br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], anti-icing, atmospheric icing, brine pockets- and channels, [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], composite trailer, de-icing, de-icing chemicals (aviation), <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
fog, freezing rain, frost, [[frost heaving]], glycol, [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] hoar frost, [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], ice accreation, ice accreation period, [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], ice density, ice feature, [[icephobic]], ice-phobic surfaces, [[ice prevention]], [[ice type]], [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], icing on ships, icing on trucks, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], icing problems, [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], IEA (International Energy Agency), [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], LTC (low temperature climate), [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
polyethylene lining, precipitation icing, [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], rime, SAR imaging, sea spray icing, sea water freezing, SLD (supercooled large droplets), SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces), spongy ice, supercooled water, [[superhydrophobic surface]], superstructure icing, track brittleness, [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], T19IceLossMethod, <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, wind turbines classification, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br />
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[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Fog&diff=1098Fog2022-02-25T11:34:58Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>Though there are at least five types of fogs—upslope fog, frontal fog, radiation fog, advection fog, and convection fog—only the latter two types are common at sea.<br />
<br />
'''Advection fog''' forms when warm, moist air moves over a cold surface, but rarely supercools. Rime ice formation is relatively rare in advection fogs, and when it does occur, extreme icing rates are unlikely.<br />
<br />
'''Convection fog''' forms when water temperatures are higher than the air passing over them. It is also called evaporation fog, or sea smoke, as air heated by the relatively warm water surface rises from the water surface as “parcels” of air. The warm, humid rising air parcels cool as they rise and reach the dew point, forming fog. If the air temperature is well below 0°C, the fog supercools and will freeze when striking shipboard objects.<br />
<br />
Makkonen <ref name=":0">Makkonen, L. 1984. Atmospheric icing on sea structures. Monograph 84-2. Hanover, NH: US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.</ref> reviews studies explaining the formation of convective fog at sea. Convection fog can form to thicknesses of up to 100 m above the sea surface, depending upon the sea surface temperature, the air temperature, and the air relative humidity. If sea water temperatures are between –2 and 15°C, air temperature at a relative humidity of 95% must be 6°C lower than the sea temperature for convection fog to form, and 16°C lower than the sea surface when relative humidity is 0%. There is also a linear trend between the depth of convection fog and the difference between the sea surface and the air temperature <ref name=":0" />. Generally, as the air becomes colder than the sea surface temperature, from about –2 to –15°C, fog depth increases respectively from about 1 m thick to about 25 m or more thick.<br />
<br />
<ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Fog&diff=1097Fog2022-02-25T11:34:03Z<p>Novia: Created page with "Though there are at least five types of fogs—upslope fog, frontal fog, radiation fog, advection fog, and convection fog—only the latter two types are common at sea. '''Ad..."</p>
<hr />
<div>Though there are at least five types of fogs—upslope fog, frontal fog, radiation fog, advection fog, and convection fog—only the latter two types are common at sea.<br />
<br />
'''Advection fog''' forms when warm, moist air moves over a cold surface, but rarely supercools. Rime ice formation is relatively rare in advection fogs, and when it does occur, extreme icing rates are unlikely.<br />
<br />
'''Convection fog''' forms when water temperatures are higher than the air passing over them. It is also called evaporation fog, or sea smoke, as air heated by the relatively warm water surface rises from the water surface as “parcels” of air. The warm, humid rising air parcels cool as they rise and reach the dew point, forming fog. If the air temperature is well below 0°C, the fog supercools and will freeze when striking shipboard objects.<br />
<br />
Makkonen <ref name=":0">Makkonen, L. 1984. Atmospheric icing on sea structures. Monograph 84-2. Hanover, NH: US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.</ref> reviews studies explaining the formation of convective fog at sea. Convection fog can form to thicknesses of up to 100 m above the sea surface, depending upon the sea surface temperature, the air temperature, and the air relative humidity. If sea water temperatures are between –2 and 15°C, air temperature at a relative humidity of 95% must be 6°C lower than the sea temperature for convection fog to form, and 16°C lower than the sea surface when relative humidity is 0%. There is also a linear trend between the depth of convection fog and the difference between the sea surface and the air temperature <ref name=":0" />. Generally, as the air becomes colder than the sea surface temperature, from about –2 to –15°C, fog depth increases respectively from about 1 m thick to about 25 m or more thick.</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Nucleation&diff=1096Nucleation2022-02-25T11:28:15Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Nucleation''' is a crystallization process. Water needs a solid point to freeze into ice, so pure water drops do not freeze. Once they touch the surface, the drops start freezing immediately. <br />
<br />
<ref>Pruppacher, H. R. et al. (1998) Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. Aerosol Science and Technology. [Online] 28 (4), 381–382.</ref><br />
<br />
Most cloud and fog drops do not freeze at 0°C; they supercool, and remain liquid. Supercooled drops are metastable, they do not freeze unless they strike objects or encounter a freezing nuclei such as an ice crystal. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Nucleation&diff=1095Nucleation2022-02-25T11:27:34Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Nucleation''' is a crystallization process. Water needs a solid point to freeze into ice, so pure water drops do not freeze. Once they touch the surface, the drops start freezing immediately. <br />
<br />
<ref>Pruppacher, H. R. et al. (1998) Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. Aerosol Science and Technology. [Online] 28 (4), 381–382.</ref><br />
<br />
Most cloud and fog drops do not freeze at 0°C; they supercool, and remain liquid. Supercooled drops are metastable, they do not freeze unless they strike objects or encounter a freezing nuclei such as an ice crystal.</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1094Main Page2022-02-25T11:24:59Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
<br />
Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br />
<br />
To add a new article you can search for the article title you wish to add, or search for "Create an article".<br />
<br />
Instructions for using references in wiki are shown in document [[ImportReferences|Inserting citations]].<br />
<br />
'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''FORMING OF ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[icing]], [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[ice adhesion]], [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], ice accreation, icing problems, sea water freezing, sea spray icing, brine pockets- and channels, spongy ice, hoar frost, frost, rime, <br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], superstructure icing, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing on masts]], icing on powerlines, icing on trucks, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[ice density]], [[icephobic]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[manual ice removal]], glycol, polyethylene lining, composite trailer, anti-icing, de-icing, <br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[instrumental icing]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]]<br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], anti-icing, atmospheric icing, brine pockets- and channels, [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], composite trailer, de-icing, de-icing chemicals (aviation), <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
freezing rain, frost, [[frost heaving]], glycol, [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] hoar frost, [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], ice accreation, ice accreation period, [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], ice density, ice feature, [[icephobic]], ice-phobic surfaces, [[ice prevention]], [[ice type]], [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], icing on ships, icing on trucks, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], icing problems, [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], IEA (International Energy Agency), [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], LTC (low temperature climate), [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
polyethylene lining, precipitation icing, [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], rime, SAR imaging, sea spray icing, sea water freezing, SLD (supercooled large droplets), SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces), spongy ice, supercooled water, [[superhydrophobic surface]], superstructure icing, track brittleness, [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], T19IceLossMethod, <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, wind turbines classification, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
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[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Rime&diff=1093Rime2022-02-25T11:24:08Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>Rime is a white, friable ice, often resembling feathers, that forms on the upwind side of objects from supercooled cloud droplets striking surfaces in the wind stream. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
More on this topic: [[in-cloud icing]]<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Frost&diff=1092Frost2022-02-25T11:23:37Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>Frost typically has a density less than 0.1 g/cm3 <ref>Ryerson, C., K. Claffey, and G. Lemieux. 1994. Surface hoarfrost measurement and climatology. In Proceedings of the 51st Eastern Snow Conference, p. 121–130</ref>. Thicknesses are typically less than a few millimeters. Though frost crystals can be easily crushed and “polished,” frost often cannot be removed from surfaces without the use of heat, chemicals, or mechanical scraping. The cohesion of frost is weak, but its adhesion is strong. Frost is often prevented using covers, or by spraying a freezing point depressant, such as glycol, on a surface before the frost forms. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
More on this topic: <br />
<br />
[[hoar frost]]<br />
<br />
[[in-cloud icing]]<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Rime&diff=1091Rime2022-02-25T11:22:05Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>Rime is a white, friable ice, often resembling feathers, that forms on the upwind side of objects from supercooled cloud droplets striking surfaces in the wind stream. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Rime&diff=1090Rime2022-02-25T11:21:49Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>Rime is a white, friable ice, often resembling feathers, that forms on the upwind side of objects from supercooled cloud droplets striking surfaces in the wind stream. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Rime&diff=1089Rime2022-02-25T11:21:15Z<p>Novia: Created page with "Rime is a white, friable ice, often resembling feathers, that forms on the upwind side of objects from supercooled cloud droplets striking surfaces in the wind stream."</p>
<hr />
<div>Rime is a white, friable ice, often resembling feathers, that forms on the upwind side of objects from supercooled cloud droplets striking surfaces in the wind stream.</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1088Main Page2022-02-25T11:19:55Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
<br />
Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br />
<br />
To add a new article you can search for the article title you wish to add, or search for "Create an article".<br />
<br />
Instructions for using references in wiki are shown in document [[ImportReferences|Inserting citations]].<br />
<br />
'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''FORMING OF ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[icing]], [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[ice adhesion]], [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], ice accreation, icing problems, sea water freezing, sea spray icing, brine pockets- and channels, spongy ice, hoar frost, frost<br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], superstructure icing, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing on masts]], icing on powerlines, icing on trucks, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[ice density]], [[icephobic]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[manual ice removal]], glycol, polyethylene lining, composite trailer, anti-icing, de-icing, <br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[instrumental icing]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]]<br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], anti-icing, atmospheric icing, brine pockets- and channels, [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], composite trailer, de-icing, de-icing chemicals (aviation), <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
freezing rain, frost, [[frost heaving]], glycol, [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] hoar frost, [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], ice accreation, ice accreation period, [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], ice density, ice feature, [[icephobic]], ice-phobic surfaces, [[ice prevention]], [[ice type]], [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], icing on ships, icing on trucks, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], icing problems, [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], IEA (International Energy Agency), [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], LTC (low temperature climate), [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
polyethylene lining, precipitation icing, [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], sea spray icing, sea water freezing, SLD (supercooled large droplets), SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces), spongy ice, supercooled water, [[superhydrophobic surface]], superstructure icing, track brittleness, [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], T19IceLossMethod, <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, wind turbines classification, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
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*[[ImportReferences|How to import references into MediaWiki]]<br />
[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Frost&diff=1087Frost2022-02-25T11:19:25Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>Frost typically has a density less than 0.1 g/cm3 <ref>Ryerson, C., K. Claffey, and G. Lemieux. 1994. Surface hoarfrost measurement and climatology. In Proceedings of the 51st Eastern Snow Conference, p. 121–130</ref>. Thicknesses are typically less than a few millimeters. Though frost crystals can be easily crushed and “polished,” frost often cannot be removed from surfaces without the use of heat, chemicals, or mechanical scraping. The cohesion of frost is weak, but its adhesion is strong. Frost is often prevented using covers, or by spraying a freezing point depressant, such as glycol, on a surface before the frost forms. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
More on this topic: [[hoar frost]]<br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Frost&diff=1086Frost2022-02-25T11:18:04Z<p>Novia: Created page with "Frost typically has a density less than 0.1 g/cm3 <ref>Ryerson, C., K. Claffey, and G. Lemieux. 1994. Surface hoarfrost measurement and climatology. In Proceedings of the 51st..."</p>
<hr />
<div>Frost typically has a density less than 0.1 g/cm3 <ref>Ryerson, C., K. Claffey, and G. Lemieux. 1994. Surface hoarfrost measurement and climatology. In Proceedings of the 51st Eastern Snow Conference, p. 121–130</ref>. Thicknesses are typically less than a few millimeters. Though frost crystals can be easily crushed and “polished,” frost often cannot be removed from surfaces without the use of heat, chemicals, or mechanical scraping. The cohesion of frost is weak, but its adhesion is strong. Frost is often prevented using covers, or by spraying a freezing point depressant, such as glycol, on a surface before the frost forms.</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Hoar_frost&diff=1085Hoar frost2022-02-25T10:59:06Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:HoarFrost.jpg|thumb|385x385px|Hoar frost on ground. <ref><bdi>James Heilman, MD.</bdi> https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Doc_James. Wikimedia commons. Hoar frost. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.</ref>]]<br />
'''Hoar frost''' refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves. <ref>"Hoarfrost – Definition of hoarfrost by Merriam-Webster". ''merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2015-02-19.</ref><br />
<br />
When surface hoar covers sloping snowbanks, the layer of frost crystals may create an avalanche risk; when heavy layers of new snow cover the frosty surface, furry crystals standing out from the old snow hold off the falling flakes and forming a layer of voids that prevents the new snow layers from bonding strongly to the old snow beneath. <ref>David McClung; Peter A. Schaerer (2006). ''The Avalanche Handbook''. The Mountaineers Books. pp. 72–. ISBN <bdi>978-0-89886-809-8</bdi>. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06.</ref><br />
<br />
Ideal conditions for hoarfrost to form on snow are cold, clear nights when conditions are such that heat radiates out to the open air faster than it can be replaced from nearby sources, such as wind or warm objects. <ref>Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Robert V. Rohli; Robert V. Rohli; Anthony J. Vega (13 December 2013). ''Climatology''. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 381–. ISBN <bdi>978-1-284-05427-9</bdi>. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016.</ref> Nocturnal hoarfrost forms if the sky is dry and clear, the winds are near calm, the surface has a high radiative emissivity, and surfaces are oriented with a view factor to the sky. This requires a sky radiative temperature that is lower than the frost point, which is common during the winter. Winds should be nearly calm to prevent the heat lost to radiation from being rapidly replaced by convection. Objects need to be oriented towards the sky for maximum cooling. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
In very low temperatures where fluffy surface hoar crystals form without subsequently being covered with snow, strong winds may break them off, forming a dust of ice particles and blowing them over the surface. Hoar frost and white frost also occur in man-made environments such as in freezers or industrial cold-storage facilities. <br />
<br />
<ref>Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost#Hoar_frost</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Hoar_frost&diff=1084Hoar frost2022-02-25T10:58:36Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:HoarFrost.jpg|thumb|385x385px|Hoar frost on ground. <ref><bdi>James Heilman, MD.</bdi> https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Doc_James. Wikimedia commons. Hoar frost. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.</ref>]]<br />
'''Hoar frost''' refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves. <ref>"Hoarfrost – Definition of hoarfrost by Merriam-Webster". ''merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2015-02-19.</ref><br />
<br />
When surface hoar covers sloping snowbanks, the layer of frost crystals may create an avalanche risk; when heavy layers of new snow cover the frosty surface, furry crystals standing out from the old snow hold off the falling flakes and forming a layer of voids that prevents the new snow layers from bonding strongly to the old snow beneath. <ref>David McClung; Peter A. Schaerer (2006). ''The Avalanche Handbook''. The Mountaineers Books. pp. 72–. ISBN <bdi>978-0-89886-809-8</bdi>. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06.</ref><br />
<br />
Ideal conditions for hoarfrost to form on snow are cold, clear nights when conditions are such that heat radiates out to the open air faster than it can be replaced from nearby sources, such as wind or warm objects. <ref>Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Robert V. Rohli; Robert V. Rohli; Anthony J. Vega (13 December 2013). ''Climatology''. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 381–. ISBN <bdi>978-1-284-05427-9</bdi>. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016.</ref> Nocturnal hoarfrost forms if the sky is dry and clear, the winds are near calm, the surface has a high radiative emissivity, and surfaces are oriented with a view factor to the sky. This requires a sky radiative temperature that is lower than the frost point, which is common during the winter. Winds should be nearly calm to prevent the heat lost to radiation from being rapidly replaced by convection. Objects need to be oriented towards the sky for maximum cooling.<br />
<br />
In very low temperatures where fluffy surface hoar crystals form without subsequently being covered with snow, strong winds may break them off, forming a dust of ice particles and blowing them over the surface. Hoar frost and white frost also occur in man-made environments such as in freezers or industrial cold-storage facilities. <br />
<br />
<ref>Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost#Hoar_frost</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Hoar_frost&diff=1083Hoar frost2022-02-25T10:56:29Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:HoarFrost.jpg|thumb|385x385px|Hoar frost on ground. <ref><bdi>James Heilman, MD.</bdi> https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Doc_James. Wikimedia commons. Hoar frost. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.</ref>]]<br />
'''Hoar frost''' refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves. <ref>"Hoarfrost – Definition of hoarfrost by Merriam-Webster". ''merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2015-02-19.</ref><br />
<br />
When surface hoar covers sloping snowbanks, the layer of frost crystals may create an avalanche risk; when heavy layers of new snow cover the frosty surface, furry crystals standing out from the old snow hold off the falling flakes and forming a layer of voids that prevents the new snow layers from bonding strongly to the old snow beneath. <ref>David McClung; Peter A. Schaerer (2006). ''The Avalanche Handbook''. The Mountaineers Books. pp. 72–. ISBN <bdi>978-0-89886-809-8</bdi>. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06.</ref><br />
<br />
Ideal conditions for hoarfrost to form on snow are cold, clear nights when conditions are such that heat radiates out to the open air faster than it can be replaced from nearby sources, such as wind or warm objects. <ref>Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Robert V. Rohli; Robert V. Rohli; Anthony J. Vega (13 December 2013). ''Climatology''. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 381–. ISBN <bdi>978-1-284-05427-9</bdi>. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016.</ref><br />
<br />
In very low temperatures where fluffy surface hoar crystals form without subsequently being covered with snow, strong winds may break them off, forming a dust of ice particles and blowing them over the surface. Hoar frost and white frost also occur in man-made environments such as in freezers or industrial cold-storage facilities. <br />
<br />
<ref>Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost#Hoar_frost</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=File:HoarFrost.jpg&diff=1082File:HoarFrost.jpg2022-02-25T10:55:01Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hoar frost on ground</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1081Main Page2022-02-25T10:54:20Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div><strong>Welcome to the NoICE IcingWiki!</strong><br />
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'''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' - PLEASE WRITE YOUR NEW READY MADE PUBLISHED ARTICLE UNDER TOPICS AND A-Z - '''The IcingWiki is under construction!''' <br />
<br />
== Topics ==<br />
<br />
* '''FORMING OF ICE AND ICE FEATURES:''' [[icing]], [[ice type]], [[ice feature]], [[ice adhesion]], [[wind]], [[freezing rain]], [[nucleation]], [[supercooled water]], [[in-cloud icing]], [[precipitation icing]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[Atmospheric Icing|atmospheric icing]], [[icing event]], [[meteorological icing]], [[incubation time]], [[ice accreation period]], [[recovery time]], ice accreation, icing problems, sea water freezing, sea spray icing, brine pockets- and channels, spongy ice, hoar frost<br />
*'''ABBREVIATIONS:''' [[SLD|SLD (supercooled large droplets)]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], [[LTC|LTC (low temperature climate)]], [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[AEP]] [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[IEA|IEA (International Energy Agency]]), [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SLIPS|SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces)]]<br />
*'''ICING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS:''' [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on ships]], superstructure icing, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], [[icing on masts]], icing on powerlines, icing on trucks, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph]], [[train brakes]],<br />
*'''ICE PREVENTION, ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING METHODS:''' [[ice prevention]], [[superhydrophobic surface]], [[coating material]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[Ice-phobic surface|ice-phobic surfaces]], [[De-icing chemicals|de-icing chemicals (aviation)]], [[ice density]], [[icephobic]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[manual ice removal]], glycol, polyethylene lining, composite trailer, anti-icing, de-icing, <br />
*'''ICE RESEARCH, TESTS AND MODELS:''' [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[Lozowski model]], [[ice classes]], [[instrumental icing]], [[T19IceLossMethod]], [[LEWICE codes]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] <br />
*'''SPACE BASED DATA:''' [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]]<br />
*'''OTHER:''' [[wind turbines classification]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, [[rail gaps]], [[track smoothness]], [[frost heaving]], [[track brittleness]]<br />
<br />
== Content A-Z ==<br />
'''<u>A-E</u>'''<br />
<br />
AEP [[AEP|(Annual Energy Production)]], [[Anti-freeze substances|anti-freeze substances (railway traffic)]], anti-icing, atmospheric icing, brine pockets- and channels, [[Cassie-baxter state|Cassie-Baxter state]], [[CC|CC (cold climate)]], [[CFD|CFD (computational fluid dynamics),]] [[coating material]], composite trailer, de-icing, de-icing chemicals (aviation), <br />
<br />
'''<u>F-J</u>'''<br />
<br />
freezing rain, [[frost heaving]], glycol, [[GNSS Reflectometry|GNSS reflectometry]], [[HAWT|HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[Heat flux|heat flux,]] hoar frost, [[IC|IC (icing climate)]], ice accreation, ice accreation period, [[ice adhesion]], [[ice adhesion test]], [[ice classes]], ice density, ice feature, [[icephobic]], ice-phobic surfaces, [[ice prevention]], [[ice type]], [[icing]], [[icing event]], [[icing on airplane wings]], [[icing on masts]], [[icing on powerlines]], icing on ships, icing on trucks, [[icing on wind turbine blades]], icing problems, [[Icing Wind Tunnel (IWiT)|icing wind tunnel]], IEA (International Energy Agency), [[in-cloud icing]], [[incubation time]], [[instrumental icing]], <br />
<br />
'''<u>K-O</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[LEWICE codes]], [[Lozowski model]], LTC (low temperature climate), [[LWC|LWC (liquid water content)]], [[Makkonen´s model]], [[manual ice removal]], [[meteorological icing]], [[microroughness and nanoroughness]], [[modelling of icing]], [[modelling programs]], [[MVD|MVD (median volume diameter)]], [[nucleation]], [[Powerlines, overhead lines, pantograph|power lines, overhead lines, pantograph,]]<br />
<br />
'''<u>P-T</u>''' <br />
<br />
polyethylene lining, precipitation icing, [[rail gaps]], [[railway traffic anti-icing]], [[railway traffic de-icing]], [[recovery time]], [[RPM|RPM (rotations per minute)]], [[SAR Imaging|SAR imaging]], sea spray icing, sea water freezing, SLD (supercooled large droplets), SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surfaces), spongy ice, supercooled water, [[superhydrophobic surface]], superstructure icing, track brittleness, [[track smoothness]], [[track switches, derailment]], [[train brakes]], T19IceLossMethod, <br />
<br />
'''<u>U-Z</u>'''<br />
<br />
[[VAWT]] [[VAWT|(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)]], [[wenzel state]], [[wet snow]], [[wind]], wind turbine blade aerodynamics, wind turbines classification, [[winter effects in railway traffic]], [[WRF|WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting)]]<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br />
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]<br />
*[[ImportReferences|How to import references into MediaWiki]]<br />
[[File:Intrerreg-BA-ENG-RGB.png|center|frameless]]</div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Hoar_frost&diff=1080Hoar frost2022-02-25T10:52:20Z<p>Novia: Created page with "'''Hoar frost''' refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves. <ref>"Hoarfrost – Definition of hoarfr..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hoar frost''' refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves. <ref>"Hoarfrost – Definition of hoarfrost by Merriam-Webster". ''merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2015-02-19.</ref><br />
<br />
When surface hoar covers sloping snowbanks, the layer of frost crystals may create an avalanche risk; when heavy layers of new snow cover the frosty surface, furry crystals standing out from the old snow hold off the falling flakes and forming a layer of voids that prevents the new snow layers from bonding strongly to the old snow beneath. <ref>David McClung; Peter A. Schaerer (2006). ''The Avalanche Handbook''. The Mountaineers Books. pp. 72–. ISBN <bdi>978-0-89886-809-8</bdi>. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06.</ref><br />
<br />
Ideal conditions for hoarfrost to form on snow are cold, clear nights when conditions are such that heat radiates out to the open air faster than it can be replaced from nearby sources, such as wind or warm objects. <ref>Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Robert V. Rohli; Robert V. Rohli; Anthony J. Vega (13 December 2013). ''Climatology''. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 381–. ISBN <bdi>978-1-284-05427-9</bdi>. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016.</ref><br />
<br />
In very low temperatures where fluffy surface hoar crystals form without subsequently being covered with snow, strong winds may break them off, forming a dust of ice particles and blowing them over the surface. Hoar frost and white frost also occur in man-made environments such as in freezers or industrial cold-storage facilities. <br />
<br />
<ref>Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost#Hoar_frost</ref></div>Noviahttps://wiki.icingcentre.eu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_Icing&diff=1079Atmospheric Icing2022-02-25T10:38:20Z<p>Novia: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Icing9.png|thumb|394x394px|Classification of atmospheric icing. ]]<br />
Atmospheric icing is the creation of ice from water vapor, supercooled droplets, or ice crystals originating in the atmosphere. <ref>Charles C. Ryerson. April 2013. Icing Management for Coast Guard Assets. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. ERDC/ C R R E L TR-13-7.</ref><br />
<br />
Atmospheric icing is a phenomenon of complexity and many affecting factors. Atmospheric icing can be either precipitation icing (liquid water falls on the surface and freezes on it) or in-cloud icing (icing that occurs in a cloud or for example in fog).<br />
<br />
Liquid water in droplets can be in form of drop, droplet, hail or snow flake. The significant factor in atmospheric icing is super cooling of the water droplets, which means that temperature of droplets in the clouds or air is subzero. Depending on the icing conditions ice will occur as glaze ice, rime ice or mixed ice. Glaze is clear, dense, and hard ice. Rime ice is white and less dense, and softer. Mixed ice is a combination of glaze and rime and has properties from both. The accreted ice type is defined by factors as temperature, icing type , wind speed, air humidity, precipitation and water phase, material properties (surface topography and chemistry), wetting behavior and surface temperature. <ref>Niklas Kandelin. 2021. ICING FACTORS AFFECTING RAILWAY TRAFFIC. Master of Science Thesis. Tampere University. </ref> <ref>Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. 1st ed. 2008. [Online]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Ingvaldsen, K. (2017) Atmospheric icing in a changing climate: Impact of higher boundary temperatures on simulations of atmospheric ice accretion on structures during the 2015-2016 icing winter in West-Norway.</ref><br />
[[File:Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing.png|thumb|520x520px|Meteorological parameters of atmospheric icing.]]<br />
[[File:Windbuchencom.jpg|thumb|370x370px|The effect of atmospheric icing on a tree in the Black Forest of Germany.<ref>Richardfabi. Public domain. Wikipedia. Atmospheric icing.</ref>|left]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Novia